all of food science

what are HBV proteins and where are they found?

HBV (High Biological Value) proteins contain all indispensable amino acids and are found in animal sources like meat, fish, eggs, and dairy

what are LBV proteins and where are they found?

LBV (Low Biological Value) proteins lack one or more indispensable amino acids and are found in plant sources like legumes, grains, and nuts

what is protein complementation? (give example)

combining two LBV protein sources to provide all indispensable amino acids e.g. rice and beans

what are indispensable/essential amino acids?

amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from the diet

what are dispensable/non-essential amino acids?

amino acids that the body can synthesise from other nutrients

what are the indispensable amino acids?

isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

what amino acid is indispensable for children?

histidine

give two examples of dispensable amino acids

alanine and glutamic acid

why is protein important in the diet?

protein is important for growth, repair, enzyme and hormone production, and immune function

name two plant sources of protein

lentils and quinoa

name two animal sources of protein

chicken and eggs

what are intrinsic sugars?

sugars naturally found within foods like fruits and vegetables

what are extrinsic sugars?

sugars added to foods or found in milk

why are non-milk extrinsic (NME) sugars a health concern?

they contribute to dental decay, obesity and type 2 diabetes

what is starch and why is it important?

a polysaccharide that acts as a major energy source, especially in staple foods

give an example of a staple starch source

cassava, rice, wheat, maize

what is the role of starch in energy intake?

provides slow-release energy

what are NSPs (Non-Starch Polysaccharides)?

dietary fibre components that aid digestion and health

what is soluble fibre and its health benefit?

dissolves in water, helps lower blood cholesterol and regulate blood sugar

what is insoluble fibre and its health benefit?

adds bulk to stool, prevents constipation and reduces coronary heart disease risk

how does consuming too many carbohydrates impact health?

can lead to obesity, dental decay and type 2 diabetes

what are saturated fats and where are they found?

fats with no double bonds, found in butter, lard and fatty meats

what are monounsaturated fats and where are they found?

fats with one double bond, found in olive oil and avocados

what are polyunsaturated fats and where are they found?

fats with multiple double bonds, found in oily fish, sunflower oil and nuts

what are essential fatty acids?

fatty acids the body cannot produce, e.g. omega-3 and omega-6

how do saturated fats affect health?

raise LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, increasing risk of coronary heart disease

how do unsaturated fats affect health?

lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk

name two plant sources of fat?

nuts and seeds

name two animal sources of fat?

butter and fatty meat

what is the role of fat in the body?

energy storage, insulation, protection of organs and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

what are health risks of macronutrient excess?

obesity, coronary heart disease, dental decay and diabetes

what is Kwashiorkor and its cause?

a protein deficiency disease causing liver enlargement, common in LEDCs

what is Marasmus and its cause?

severe energy deficiency leading to muscle wasting and weight loss

name two deficiency diseases caused by lack of vitamins or minerals?

scurvy (vitamin C) and rickets (vitamin D)

how does malnutrition differ in MEDCs vs LEDCs?

MEDCs face overnutrition (obesity, diabetes), while LEDCs face undernutrition (Kwashiorkor, Marasmus)

what is the function of Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)?

helps release energy from carbohydrates, fats and proteins

what are sources of Vitamin B1?

meats, poultry, fish, whole grain cereals, yeast

what is the function of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?

helps release energy from proteins and fats

what are sources of Vitamin B2?

milk, meat, wholegrain cereals, vegetables, eggs, yeast

what is the function of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)?

supports energy supply to cells and helps release energy from macronutrients

what are sources of Vitamin B3?

meats, fish, wholegrain cereals, vegetables, dairy foods, yeast

what is the function of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?

involved in metabolic reactions of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

what are sources of Vitamin B5?

organ meats, wholegrain cereals, yeast

what is the function of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?

helps synthesize proteins, hormones, antibodies and enzymes

what are sources of Vitamin B6?

meats, eggs, wholegrain cereals

what is the function of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?

required for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

what are sources of Vitamin B7?

cereals, egg yolk, yeast, organ meats

what is the function of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)?

essential for cell production and maintenance, and genetic material

what are sources of Vitamin B9?

green leafy vegetables, organ meats, yeast

what is the function of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)?

works with folate in protein synthesis and red blood cell production

what are sources of Vitamin B12?

meats, poultry, fish, eggs; vegans need fortified foods

what is the function of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)?

helps form collagen and maintain strength of tissues

what are sources of Vitamin C?

citrus fruits, berries, red peppers, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables

what is the function of Vitamin A (Retinol)?

supports night vision and maintains mucus-secreting cells

what are sources of Vitamin A?

carotene in vegetables; retinol in meat, eggs, fish, dairy

what is the function of Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)?

strengthens bones and regulates calcium and phosphate absorption

what are sources of Vitamin D?

sunlight, fish liver oils, oily fish, egg yolk, dairy fats

what is the function of Vitamin E (Tocopherols)?

acts as an antioxidant protecting cells from oxidative damage

what are sources of Vitamin E?

nuts, seeds, vegetable oil, wheat germ, margarine

what is the function of Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)?

helps blood clotting by controlling clotting proteins

what are sources of Vitamin K?

green leafy vegetables, fruits, cereal grains, seeds

what factors affect micronutrient bioavailability?

nutrient interactions, food preparation, gut health, presence of enhancers or inhibitors

how does Vitamin D affect calcium absorption?

promotes calcium uptake from food and reduces urinary loss

how does Vitamin C affect iron absorption?

enhances absorption of non-haem iron from plant sources

what happens with excess Vitamin A intake in children in Western Europe?

can lead to toxicity symptoms like headaches, nausea and liver damage

what is the effect of Vitamin A deficiency in Central Africa?

causes night blindness and increases risk of full blindness

what condition is caused by Vitamin B1 deficiency?

Beri Beri- symptoms include loss of appetite, vomiting, nerve dysfunction

what condition is caused by Vitamin B3 deficiency?

Pellagra- symptoms include diarrhoea, dementia and dermatitis

what condition is caused by Vitamin C deficiency?

Scurvy- leads to gum damage, tooth loss and bleeding

what condition is caused by Vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults

what condition is caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Pernicious Anaemia- fatigue, numbness, memory loss

what is the function of Calcium?

builds bones and teeth, supports blood clotting and nerve function

what are sources of Calcium?

dairy foods, broccoli, canned fish

what is the function of Phosphorus?

strengthens bones and helps release energy via ATP

what are sources of Phosphorus?

dairy, wholegrain cereals, meat, nuts, seeds

what is the function of Iron?

carries oxygen via haemoglobin and myoglobin, supports collagen formation

what are sources of Iron?

meat, green vegetables, dried fruit, kidney beans, sardines

what is the function of Sodium and Potassium?

regulate fluid balance, muscle contraction, nerve signals

what are sources of Sodium and Potassium?

sodium: added salt; potassium: tomatoes, bananas, meat, cereals

what is the function of Zinc?

supports enzyme activity, growth, wound healing, skin health

what are sources of Zinc?

red meat, fish, cheese, pulses, cereals

what is the function of Magnesium?

found in bones and tissues, supports enzyme reactions

what are sources of Magnesium?

vegetables, nuts, cereal grains

what is the function of Iodine?

supports metabolism and neurological development via thyroid hormones

what are sources of Iodine?

vegetables, cereals, seafood, eggs, dairy

what is the function of Fluorine?

maintains bone and dental health

what are sources of Fluorine?

water supply, toothpaste, tea, sardines, salmon

what is the function of Manganese?

helps enzyme formation and bone development

what are sources of Manganese?

tea, bread, cereals, green vegetables

what is the function of Selenium?

antioxidant that protects cells and supports metabolism

what are sources of Selenium?

meat, seafood, Brazil nuts, brown rice

how do Iron and Vitamin C interact?

Vitamin C improves absorption of non-haem Iron

how do Vitamin D and Calcium interact?

Vitamin D enhances Calcium absorption and retention

how do B vitamins relate to energy release?

Vitamins B1, B2, B3 and B5 help release energy from carbohydrates

what mechanical and chemical processes occur in the mouth?

chewing breaks food down mechanically- saliva contains amylase which begins starch digestion

what happens in the oesophagus during digestion?

peristalsis moves food down the oesophagus to the stomach

what mechanical and chemical processes occur in the stomach?

churning mixes food- pepsin begins protein digestion in acidic conditions

what is peristalsis?

wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

what happens in the small intestine during digestion?

enzymes continue digestion- nutrients are absorbed through the villi in the ileum

what happens in the large intestine during digestion?

water is absorbed- fibre helps move waste and regulate colonic transit time