Module 2: Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis

sex and aggression

What are the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis by Freud?

Conscious, Preconscious, unconscious

What are the level of awareness?

“Das es” - the it

What is the Latin word of ID?

preconscious

 elements that are not conscious but can readily be brought to mind when needed.

conscious

mental elements in awareness

unconscious

drives, urges, and instincts that are beyond our awareness; concept of phylogenetic endowment or inherited unconscious images.

EGO

• Only region of the mind that is in contact with reality.

• Governed by the ‘reality principle’.

• Known as the executive branch of the personality.

ID

• Exists completely on the unconscious level.

• Operates by the ‘pleasure principle’.

 “Das Ich” - I

Latin word of Ego

SUPEREGO

• Guided by moral and idealistic principles.

• No contact with the outside world and has unrealistic demands for perfection.

• Idealistic, not realistic.

• Develops primarily from internalized patterns of rewards and punishment.

“Das Uber Ich”- Over-I

Latin word of Superego

1. Conscience

2. Ego-ideal

What are the 2 subsystems of the superego?

seek pleasure and reduce tension and anxiety

To Freud, people are motivated to?

conscience

results from experiences with punishments; tells us what we should not do.

ego-ideal

develops from experiences with rewards; tells us what we should do.

OVER ID

develops negative personality such as narcissism, anti-social

OVER SUPEREGO

it develops over perfect traits like OCD

Trieb

What was the German word that used by Freud, which means ‘a drive or stimulus within a person’?

instinct

Freud’s official translators rendered the term ‘Trieb’ as?

1. Eros/sex

2. Thanatos/aggression

What are the two types of instincts?

sex/sexual drive

Its aim is pleasure but is not limited to genital satisfaction; erogenous zones.

eros/sex

life instincts; libido - energy associated with all life instincts

thanatos/aggression

death instincts

1. Impetus

2. Source

3. Aim

4. Object

4 components of instincts

narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism

Sex can take many forms including:

source

where the need arises, a deficiency of some kind.

object

experiences, objects, or actions that reduce body deficiency and allows satisfaction.

aim

to seek pleasure and reduce the need or tension

impetus

amount of energy used to satisfy the impulse

Aggression

• The aim of destructive drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state, death.

• Can take into several forms such as gossip, humiliation, enjoyment of people’s sufferings. It serves as an explanation for wars and religious persecutions.

self-destruction

the final aim of the aggressive drive is?

Love

It develops people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves

Primary Narcissism

Infants are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost exclusively on their own ego

Masochism

Experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or others

Secondary Narcissism

Moderate degree of self love of commonly early everyone

Sadism

Need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person

to explain the driving forces behind people’s actions

Why Freud postulated a dynamic, or motivational principle?

his experiences with patients/parents, his analysis of his own dreams, and his vast readings in the various sciences and humanities.

Freud’s understanding of human personality was based on his?

Jean Martin Charcot

From whom did Freud learn the hypnotic technique for treating hysteria?

Josef Breuer

From whom did Freud learn the catharsis?

hysteria

 a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or improper functioning of certain body parts in the body.

catharsis

the process of removing hysterical symptoms through ‘talking them out’.

self-doubts, depression, and obsession with his own death

At midlife, Freud has suffered from?

International Psychoanalytic Association

What Freud founded with Carl Jung?

Anxiety

A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warmsthe person against impending danger.

ego

Only the ____ can produce or feel anxiety

1. Realistic Anxiety

2. Neurotic Anxiety

3. Moral Anxiety

TYPES OF ANXIETY

neurotic anxiety

fear that id’s impulses will overwhelm the ego (intrusive thoughts)

Moral Anxiety

fear of doing something contrary to the superego

Ex: helping but compromise by guilt

realistic anxiety

unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger

moral anxiety

punished internally by guilt

neurotic anxiety

punished externally by others

Defense Mechanism

• Unconscious behavior intended to reduce anxiety

• Ego’s purpose is to avid dealing with sexual and aggressive implosives and to defend itself against the anxiety that accompanies them

Suppression

• Consciously doing a certain thing

• The effort to hide and control unacceptable thoughts or feelings

Repression

• Threatened by impulses to the point we tend to be regressive (too negative) that we put it to our unconscious

• Burying a painful feeling or thought from your awareness though it may resurface in symbolic form. Sometimes considered a basis of other defense mechanisms.

Displacement

• You put your emotions in other place to release what you truly feel

• Channeling a feeling or thought from its actual source to something or someone else

Reaction formation

We do the exact opposite of what we truly feel

Regression

• Going back to the early stages of your life

• Reverting to an older, less mature way of handling stresses and feelings (child-like behaviors)

Projection

• What you feel is what others feel about you, but in reality that’s your emotion.

• Attributing your own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone or something else.

Sublimation

• Instead of sexual urges, we will do something that is culturally acceptable.

• Redirecting unacceptable, instinctual drives into personally and socially acceptable channels

Introjection

• Incorporating positive energy towards ourselves

Denial

Refuse to a certain thing or refuse to accept unpleasant event as real

Fixation

Can’t progress in one stage

Rationalization

Accept a certain event but deny the reason, putting blame to others

paranoia

too much projection called?

intellectualization

thinking logical aspects of a situation to avoid dealing with its emotional impact.

• Sour graping

• Sweet lemoning

Two types of rationalization:

Sour graping

You try to convince yourself undesirable on what you desired

Sweet lemoning

Make things desirable even tho its undesirable

the first 4 or 5 years of life, or infantile stage

To Freud, what age are the most crucial for personality development?

erogenous zone

greatest source of pleasure and stimulation

fixation

overgratification and undergratification

ORAL (0-1 year old)

Erogenous Zone: Mouth

• Oral-incorporative - gullible

• Oral-aggressive - nail biting etc.

fixation of oral stage

Anus, Sphincter muscle

What is Anal Stage's (2-3 years old) Erogenous zone?

• Anal-expulsive Character - messy

• Anal-retentive Character - orderliness

fixation of Anal stage

Phallus or genital

Phallic Stage's (3-6 years old) Erogenous zone

Latency Stage (6-12 years old)

Stage of none erogenous zone

12-18 years old

Age of Genital Stage - Erogenous zone (Genital)

Latency (6-12)

For Freud, one’s personality is generally completed by this stage

• Free Association

• Dream analysis

• Freudian Slips

• Humor

• Transference

• Countertransference

Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory

transference

project irrational feelings and attitudes from the past onto people in the present

countertransference

unconscious attitudes that a therapist or a nurse develops towards a client in response to a client's behavior