(Units 13-18, 41-44)

Manufacturing sector

The part of the economy focused on producing goods through factories and processing.

Aerospace

Industry that designs, builds, and services aircraft and spacecraft.

Cars (Automobiles)

Vehicles powered by engines for personal transportation.

Computer hardware

Physical computer components such as CPUs, memory, storage, and peripherals.

Construction

Industry involved in building infrastructure, facilities, and structures.

Defence/defense

Industry focused on military equipment, systems, and services.

Electronics

Industry dealing with devices that use electronic circuits and components.

Food processing

Converting raw food materials into consumable or marketable products.

Household goods

Consumer products used in homes, such as appliances and furniture.

Pharmaceuticals

Industry producing medicines, vaccines, and related products.

Steel

The metal produced and manufactured for a wide range of uses.

Textiles

Industry producing fabrics, clothing, and related goods.

Services

Economic activities that provide intangible outputs, not physical goods.

Service sector

Part of the economy that provides services rather than goods.

Call center

Facility where customer service and support calls are handled.

Catering

Providing food service for events, institutions, or establishments.

Computer software

Programs and operating information used by computers.

Financial services

Banking, investments, insurance, and related financial activities.

Healthcare

Services and systems involved in maintaining or improving health.

Leisure

Industries that provide recreation, entertainment, and relaxation.

Media

Industry involved in news, entertainment, and information dissemination.

Property/real estate

Industry dealing with land, buildings, and property management.

Retail

Selling goods directly to consumers through stores or online.

Telecommunications

Transmission of information over distances via electronic means.

Tourism

Industry surrounding travel, accommodation, and experiences for visitors.

Industrial

Relating to the manufacturing sector and heavy industry.

To industrialize

To develop industries and manufacturing within a country or region.

Emerging industries

New or developing sectors gaining significance and growth.

The economy

All activities related to production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Growth industries

Sectors experiencing rapid expansion and investment.

Light industries

Smaller-scale manufacturing with relatively lower capital and energy needs.

Heavy industries

Large-scale manufacturing with high capital and energy use.

Diversified

Containing a variety of products, services, or investments.

Market research

Systematic gathering and analysis of information about consumers and markets.

Surveys

Method(s) of collecting information from a sample of people.

In-person surveys

Surveys conducted face-to-face with respondents.

A sample

A subset of a population used to represent the whole.

Telephone surveys

Surveys conducted via telephone calls.

Mail surveys

Surveys distributed and completed by mail or email.

Low response rates

When a small percentage of contacted individuals complete the survey.

Online surveys

Surveys conducted over the internet.

Focus groups

Moderated group discussions used to gather in-depth opinions.

A moderator

Person who leads and guides a focus group.

Personal interviews

One-on-one interviews to collect detailed information.

Observations

Systematic watching and recording of behaviors or events.

Field trials

Real-world testing of a product or concept.

Developers

People who create software, products, or systems.

The beta version

Early release of software for testing before final launch.

To release

To publish or make a product available publicly.

To try it out

To test a product or feature to assess its usefulness.

Bugs

Software defects or faults needing correction.

Designers

People who plan and create the look, function, and structure of products.

CAD/CAM (computer-assisted design/manufacturing)

Use of computer systems to design products and control manufacturing.

Researchers

People who conduct systematic investigations to advance knowledge.

Laboratories

Facilities equipped for scientific experiments and testing.

Testing

Process of assessing quality, performance, or safety.

Trials

Tests or examinations of products or procedures.

Effective

Producing the intended or desired result.

Industrial scale

Large-scale production suitable for mass manufacturing.

Rollout

Introduction of a product to market or to production at scale.

Product launch

Official release of a product to the market.

Design defect/design fault/design flaw

An inherent flaw in a product’s design that causes failure or harm.

To recall something

To withdraw a faulty product from the market.

Clinical trial

Medical testing on humans to assess safety and efficacy.

To design / a designer

To create plans for a product; the person who designs.

To develop / a development / a developer

To improve or create; the person or result of development.

To innovate / an innovation / an innovator

To introduce new ideas or methods; the new thing; the person.

To invent / an invention / an inventor

To create something new; the person who does.

R&D (Research and Development)

Systematic work to develop new products or processes.

Research centre / center

Facility dedicated to research activities.

Innovative

Introducing new ideas, methods, or devices; forward-thinking.

Breakthroughs

Major, sudden advances in knowledge or technology.

Released

Made available to the public or market.

Technology

Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

The cutting edge / leading edge / state-of-the-art

The most advanced and innovative level currently available.

Hi-tech / Low-tech

Hi-tech: high-technology; Low-tech: simple, low-technology methods.

Obsolete

No longer produced or used; out of date.

Future-proof

Designed to remain useful despite future developments.

Proprietary

Owned by a company; not public domain.

Patents

Legal rights granting exclusive rights to an invention.

Under licence / under license

Operating or using under the terms of a license.

Royalties

Payments for the use of licensed intellectual property.

Copyright

Legal right to reproduce, distribute, and perform a work.

Copyright infringement

Unlawful use of copyrighted material.

Illegal downloading

Unauthorized downloading of digital content.

Piracy

Illicit copying and distribution of copyrighted works.

Fake

Not genuine; false or counterfeit.

Brand name

A recognizable name used to identify a product or company.

Trademark

A legally registered symbol, word, or phrase identifying a brand.

Intellectual property

Legal rights protecting creations of the mind (patents, trademarks, copyrights).

A product / Produce

A tangible item manufactured for sale.

Services

Intangible outputs provided to customers.

To make / manufacture / produce

To create or assemble goods or services.

To provide

To supply or furnish goods or services.

Maker / manufacturer / producer

Entity that creates or makes goods.

Provider

A company or person that supplies goods or services.

Manufacture / manufacturing / production

The process of making goods.

Provision

The act of supplying or providing something.

Workshops

Training sessions or small production spaces.

Hand-made

Crafted by hand rather than by automated machinery.