Geo 341 test #1 UOregon

fecundity

ability for women to have babies

crude birth rate/birth rate

# of live births per 1,000 in a population in a given year

three general profiles

rapid growth, slow growth, zero growth

rapid growth

indicated by a pyramid with a large percentage of people in the younger ages

slow growth

reflected in a pyramid with a smaller proportion of the population in the younger ages

zero growth or decline

Shown by decreasing numbers in the younger age groups

general fertility rate/ fertility rate

Number of live births per 1,000 women ages 15-49 reported during a given

age-specific fertility rate

The number of births typical for women of a specific age range in a particular population

children ever born

The number of "children ever born" at various ages of the mother provides one measure of a population's fertility

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

gross reproduction rate

the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman (or group of women) during her lifetime if she passed through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year

net reproduction rate

the average number of daughters that would be born to a woman (or group of women) if she passed from birth to the rest of her life conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year

Child-Woman Ratio

number of children under age 5 per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a given year

replacement level fertility

the level of fertility at which women in the same cohort have exactly enough daughters (on average) to "replace" themselves in the population CURRENTLY 2.1

population momentum

the tendency of a population to continue to grow after replacement-level fertility has been achieved

birth rate for unmarried women

the number of live births by unmarried women per 1,000 unmarried women ages 15 to 49 years in a given year

percentage of births outside marriage

percentage of births outside marriage is the number of live births to unmarried women (never married, widowed, or divorced) per 100 total live births in a given year

abortion rate

the number of induced abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age in a given year.

abortion ratio

the number of abortions per 1,000 live births in a given year.

crude death rate/ death rate

the number of deaths per 1,000 population in that population in a given year

age-specific death rate

the number of deaths for every 1,000 persons of a given age group

cause-specific death rate

number of deaths from one cause per 100,000 total deaths

infant mortality rate

number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year.

maternal mortality ratio

e number of women who die as a result of complications from pregnancy or childbearing in a given year per 100,000 live births in that year. Deaths due to complications from spontaneous or induced abortions are included

life expectancy

an estimate of the average number of additional years a person could expect to live if the age-specific death rates for a given year prevailed for the rest of his or her life.

marriage rate/ crude marriage rate

the number of marriages per 1,000 total population in a given year

divorce rate/ crude divorce rate

number of divorces per 1,000 population in a given year

median age at first marriage

Half the people marrying for the first time in a given year got married before the median age, half after

immigration rate

number of immigrants arriving at a destination per 1,000 population at that destination in a given year.

emigration rate

number of emigrants departing an area of origin per 1,000 population at that area of origin in a given year.

net migration rate

shows the net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population, expressed as an increase or decrease per 1,000 population of the area in a given year

net migration

net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population (increase or decrease) is referred to as net migration.

domestic net migration

Subnational areas, such as U.S. states, can grow or decline both by international immigration balances and by exchange of population with the remainder of the country (domestic migration).

race

not a scientific term. There are no universally accepted categories. Neither is there consensus about how many races there are or about what exactly distinguishes a race from an ethnic group

ethnicity

usually is defined by cultural practices, language, cuisine, and traditions—not by biological or physical differences.

foreign-born population

represents people born outside the borders or territories of a country.

average household size

average number of people in a household

DINKS

double income no kids

urban

consist of those living in towns and cities of a few thousand or more, especially if the population of such areas is largely nonagricultural

percent urban

The population living in urban areas can be expressed as a percentage of the area's total population and is a measure of urbanization.

metropolitan area

a large concentration of population, often an area with a population of about 100,000 or more people with an important city at its core, plus suburban and "exurban" areas that surround the city and are socially and economically integrated with it

population density

expressed as the number of people per square kilometer or square mile of area.

balancing equation

The most basic method of calculating numerical population change over time is the "balancing equation," shown below.
P1 + (B - D) + (I - E) = P2
Where P2 is the population at the later date and P1 is the population at the earlier date; B is births and D is deaths between the two dates; and I is immigration (or in-migration) and E is emigration (or outmigration) between the two dates.

natural increase

Natural increase is the surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths in a population in a given time period.
NI = B - D
Where NI is the natural increase during a period; B is the number of births; and D is the number of deaths during that period.

rate of natural increase

the rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a percentage of the base population

growth rate

the rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to natural increase and net migration, expressed as a percentage of the base population

doubling time

A more vivid way of showing population growth is to calculate how long, at its current growth rate, a population would take to double in size

demographic transition

refers to the change that populations undergo from high rates of births and deaths to low rates of births and deaths.

brain drain

scientists, engineers (brilliant minds) migrate to another country, the nation they are leaving experiences economic and scientific loss

projected world population distribution

regions that posses the majority of the worlds population (due to higher fertility rates)

age structure

The proportion of the total population in each age group

age dependency ratio

Number of people who are over 65 and under 15, relative to the people in between who are seen as economically productive

universal declaration of human rights

people can marry, have kids, those kids have rights, people have duties to community, people have rights to security of means out of their control (medical, financial, housing)

biological determinants of fertility

age, health, environment

social determinants of fertility

marriage, contraception, abortion

economic determinants of fertility

value and cost of children

FP=SP+B-D+I-O

FP= final population
B= births
D= deaths
I= in-immigration
O=out-immigration
SP= starting population

three orientations

Malthus, Boserup, Marx

Malthus

an English economist and demographer; all biological populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited

Boserup

human growth stimulates agricultural intensification (Malthus upside-down)

Marx

Marx believed that poor economies (capitalism) were the cause of growing populations. Unequal distribution of resources within capitalistic societies led to population growth issues. Overpopulation is a natural feature of capitalism. CAPITALISM IS BAD

population and food

1. population increase
2. increase demand for food
3. agricultural productivity improved
4. more food produced
5. population growth continues

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

1. traditional society (low tech, primitive)
2. pre conditions for take off (capital mobilization, limited manufacturing)
3. take off (transitional economy)
4. drive to maturity (economy diversifies, poverty drops)
5. age of high mass consumption (choices about where/how to allocate surplus wealth)

Wattenberg

Claims there is a current global free fall in fertility rates due to nations modernizing and having less children. Promotes increased population growth and higher fertility rates. Bases majority of argument from rates (low variant projection).

Hill

Does not agree that population is declining, rather it is growing faster than ever. Uses absolute figures more so than rates. "The population explosion is still with us. Population issues in the market economies are different from those in Africa. Policy responses should be different too."

Harvey

Whenever we talk about in pop and geo there are social orders to consider
Whenever a theory of overpopulation takes hold, subservient class suffers (repression materially, socially, politically, etc.)
We blame subservient class for the problems and the upper class continues on from a distance- detaching themselves

Halfon

US Population Policy
Emphasis on international population policy
Population and environment is a discourse
Does anyone win?

kravinsky

Moral obligation to do whatever is possible to save lives
If you don't do something to help you are actively killing that person (kidney donation example)

singer

If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening (without immense sacrifice), we ought to morally do so
Can't make the assumption others will help when you're right there and are fully capable
Absolute poverty is bad and we can prevent some/most of it
Moral worldview

hardin

"Lifeboat Ethics," Neo-in ian
Tragedy of the Commons- against a common system (the world bank), because if people take what they want, the system will fail
"Burden of the cows", where each individually-owned "cow" is put on a shared plot of land
Less developed countries will just keep relying on more developed countries
Cannot safely divide the wealth equitably among people so long as people reproduce at different rates (Neo Malthusianism)
Consequence world view
Hardin's Principles: Complete justice, complete catastrophe, eugenisitic ideals, WE VS. THEY

Erlich

The Population Bomb- population control is needed
Pro helping the people and less developed populations who struggle the most
Overpopulation effects are from all of us and everyone has to act on this together.

epidemiological transition

Age of Pestilence and Famine (Life Exp=20-40)
Where mortality is high and fluctuating, precluding sustained population growth, with low and variable life expectancy
Age of Receding Pandemics (Life Exp=30-50)
Where mortality progressively declines, with the rate of decline accelerating as epidemic peaks decrease in frequency — population growth is sustained and begin to be exponential
Age of Degenerative and Man-made Diseases (Life Exp=50+)
Mortality continues to decline and eventually approaches stability at a relatively low level

gag rule

Decided if abortion-supporting groups or countries receive funding from the government- reagan