Med Theory: Test 1

Pathophysiology

The study of abnormal functional changes in the body that occur due to disease or injury.

Cell

basic self-sustaining unit of the human body.

Differentiation

the process of cells maturing and becoming specialized

Cell membrane

selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cell

Cytoplasm

jylle-like fluid inside the cell that surrounds and supports organelles

Organelles

specialized structures found in the cytoplasm that maintain life of the cell

Nucleus

Control centre of the cell. RNA controls cellular activity.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

Nuclear Envelope

Part of the nucleus that acts as a protective barrier between the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Ribosomes

interact with RNA to join amino acids chains to form proteins. Attach to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

involved in building lipids (has no ribosomes)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Involved in building proteins (covered in ribosomes)

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Complex)

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for transfer to different parts of the cell or outside of the cell.

Lysosomes

Breakdown waste, damaged parts, and foreign substances.

Peroxisomes

Neutralizes harmful toxins such as alcohol (mostly found in liver)

Vacuoles

store water, food, waste, and other materials.

Mitochondria

produce ATP using glucose and oxygen

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

ATP’s role

the cell’s main energy carrying molecule

Cellular respiration

series of metabolic reactions that occur in most cells to harvest energy from food and turn it into ATP

One unit of glucose produces

36 units of ATP

Protein Synthesis (definition)

process of cells using genetic info from DNA to make proteins. Occurs in the ribosomes.

Protein Synthesis (process)

mRNA takes copy og DNA → mRNA travels to ribosome → reads and mixes with amino acids → result is a protein

Tissue

composed of groups of similar cells working together for a common function

the four types of tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

Epithelial Tissue

helps in functions like absorption, secretion, and filtration. lines hollow organes.

Connective Tissue

support, connect, protect, and bind other tissues and organs together.

Muscle tissue

able to contract. overlies the framework of the skeleton.

3 types of muscle tissue

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Smooth muscle tissue

non-striated, involuntary

Cardiac muscle tissue

striated, involuntary

Skeletal

striated, voluntary

types of nerve tissue

peripheral, neurons, dendrites, axons, synapse

Peripheral nerves

bundles of nerve fibers that carry information between body and brain/spinal cord.

Neurons

specialized cells that receive, process, and transmit electrical signals

Dendrites

branch-like parts of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons or receptors

axons

long extensions of neurons that carry electrical signals away from the cell body

synapse

the junction between two neurons (or a neuron and a cell) where signals are passed

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Homeostasis

Equilibrium, state of balance/stability, dynamic steady state maintained by continuous adjustments.

Cell Signaling/Chemical Signaling

electrochemical communication between cells

Feedback inhibition

when a cell builds a product using a chain of steps, when too much product is made it builds up and attaches to the first enzyme in the chain to slow or stop the process

Feedback Loops

self-regulation process to bring the body back to homeostasis

Negative Feedback Loop

change in a condition triggers a response that counteracts or reverses the change (body temp)

Positive Feedback Loop

process where a sustem is amplified or increased to bring the body back to equilibrium

Fluid Imbalance

excessive output rapidly upsets homeostasis (degree of imbalance depends on size, age, and medical conditions)

Ligands

molecules produced by the body (endrogenous) or given as a drug (exogenous), bind to receptors and cause or influence cellular response

4 types of Hormones

Endocrine, Exocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine

Endocrine hormones

released by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream and target cells or organs and produce a response

Exocrine Secretions and Glands

exocrine glands release secretions through ducts to a body surface or into a body cavity

Paracrine Hormones

chemical signals released by one cell and affect nearby target cells,

autocrine hormones

chemical messengers released by a cell that bind to receptors on the exact same cell

Atrophy

cells shrink but number stays the same

Hypertrophy

increase size of cells but number stays the same

hyperplasia

the number of cells increase but the size of them stays the same

Dysplasia

abnormal changes in cell appearance (often pre-cancerous)

Metaplasia

reversible process where one mature, specialized cell is replaced by a different mature cell type (they can change back)

The % of bodyweight that is fluid

60%

Intracellular Fluid

The fluid inside cells

Extracellular Fluid

The fluid outside cells

Chemicals contained in bodily fluids.

water, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium

Interstitial fluid

surrounds tussie cells (ex/ CSF and synovial fluid)

Intravascular fluid

fluid inside blood vessles but outside the cells

Where does oxygen diffuse?

out of the alveolus and into the capillary

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse?

Out of the capillary into the alveolus

Passive Transport Diffusion

movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Passive facilitated diffusion

passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane down a concentration gradient using transport proteins.

Osmosis (passive)

natural movement of water molecules through a thin barrier. water froms from a place with more water and less stuff to a palce with less water and more stuff intil both sides are equal.

Active transport

movement of melecules across a cell membrane from an area of low to high concentration, utelizing protein pumps and cellular energy. Moving against the natural concentration gradient.

Hypertonic Solution

mixture that has a higher concentration of solute than inside a cell (greater than 0.9)

What happens to cells when a hypertonic solutiuon is introduced?

water moves out of the well causing it to shrink

Hypotonic solution

mixture with a lower concentration of solute than inside a cell (less than 0.9)

What happens to cells when a hypotonic solution is introduced?

Water moves into the cell and the cell expands

Isotonic Solution

a solute containing the same concentration as inside of a cell (equal to 0.9)