intro to bio exam 1

emergent properties

characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system’s component parts

biology

the study of life

atoms

Fundamental units of all living things. C, H O, N

molecule

atoms joined together. H-O-H. saccharides(sugar), nucleotides (nucleic acid) (DNA & RNA), amino acids (proteins), and lipids (fatty acids)

cell

smallest unit of life

tissue

cells interacting for a specific task. connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous.

organ

interacting tissues

organ system

interacting organs

multicelled organism

individuals consisting of more than one cell

population

group of interbreeding individuals within the same species living in a gviing area

community

all populations of all species in a given area

ecosystem

community interacting with the environment through th etransfer of energy and materials

bioshphere

all regions of earth where organisms live

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces and lines internal cavities. no blood vessels. simple and stratified. squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. sheet like. one surface faces the environment and the other is glued to a basement membrane. may contain glands.

connective tissue

holds body parts together and provides structural support

muscle tissue

moves the body or its parts. contract in response to stimulation. cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.

nervous tissue

detects stimuli and relays information. neurons. controls gland and muscle activity. main tissue of brain and spinal cord and of nerves extending through the body.

squamous epithelium

exchange of materials across the cell surface. line blood vessels, heart, air sacs of lungs

cuboidal epithelium

absorption and secretion. may have microvilli. line kidney tubules, ducts, and reproductive tract.

columnar epithelium

absorption and secretion. line some airways and parts of the gut.

exocrine glands

secretes milk, sweat, saliva, or other substances through a duct. (into the duct)

endocrine glands

ductless gland. secretes hormones (usually into blood)

unspecialized CT

loose (gel-like ECM) or dense (collagen ECM fibers).

specialized CT

cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue, and blood

cartilage

cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of their own secretions

adipose tissue

cells that make and store triglycerides. specialize in fat storage

bone tissue

cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own secretions

blood

plasma and cellular components (RBC, WBC, PLT)

skeletal muscle

long, cyndrical cells with multiple nuclei and striations. interact with bone to bring movement and maintain posture. voluntary and reflex activated

cardiac muscle

striated cells attached end to end with a nucleus. heart wall. involuntary

smooth muscle

single nucleus, tapered ends, and no striations. in walls of some blood vessels, digestive tract, reproductive tract, bladder, and other hollow organs. involuntary

neurons

transmit electrical sigals along their plasma membrane and send chemical messages to other cells. central cell body and cytoplasmic extensions

central cell body

contains nucleus and other organelles

cytoplasmic extensions

project from cell body. receive and send electrochemical signals

how are all living things alike

1. continuous input of energy and cycling materials necessary to maintain lifes complex organization

2. organisms send and respond to change, their environment (homeostasis)

3. all use info found in DNA and inherited from parents to carry out functions of life (reproduce)

energy

capacity to do work or produce change

producers

make their own food using energy and nonbiological raw materials form the environment (photosynthesis)

consumers

get energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms

nutrient

needed for growth and survival of an organism but cannot make it for itself

homeostasis

process where internal conditions are kept within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding to change (body fluid composition and temp)

inheritance

transmission of DNA to offspring

DNA

contains info that guides metabolic activities through development, growth, and reproduction. inherited from 1/2 parents

prokaryotes

single-celled with no nucleus. bacteria and archaea

biodiversity

scope of variation among living things

bacteria

most diverse and well known group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus

archaea

group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but are more closely linked to eukaryotes than bacteria. have their own seperate domain

eukaryotes

have a nucleus and can be single-celled or multicellular. includes protists, plants, fungi, and animals. have a nucleus, RER, SER, golgi, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton

protists

simplest eukaryotes. ranging from amoebas to giant kelps. mostly unicellular. diverse group of simple eukaryotes

fungi

usually decomposers, including mushrooms. single or multicellular eukaryotic consumer. breaks down material outside self then absorbs nutrients released from it.

plant

multicellular, typically photosynthetic producer

animal

multicellular consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves during part or all of its life

what does each type of organism have?

a unique two-part name: Genus and specific epithet/species

genus

a group of species that share a unique set of traits. capitalized and italicized

specific epithet/species

second part of name. italicized only!

taxonomy

science of naming and classifying species. first used by Carolus Linnaeus to sort species ito taxa on the basis of shared traits

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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

trait

observable characteristic of an organism or species

taxon

group of organisms that share a unique set of traits

scientific method

making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses

inductive reasoning

conclusion based off of ones observation

deductive reasoning

general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case

predictions

tested with experiments, sometimes iwht a model system

experiment

test designed to support or falsify a prediction

model system

analogous system used for testing hypotheses

variable

characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time. independent and dependent

what are pitfalls in scientific inquiry?

subsets not being representative of the whole, sampling error, and biases

what does science not address?

physiological questions, subjective questions, and supernatural ideas.

scientific theory

hypothesis that hasnt been disproven after many years of rigorous testing. consistent with all of data gathered.

law of nature

generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation

what are the basic building blocks of all matter?

protons (+) and neutrons (neutral) in an atoms nucleus and electrons (-) moving around the nucleus.

atomic #

= protons = electrons

atomic mass

= protons + neutrons

element

pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same # of protons

how are orbitals filled?

from lower to higher energy. The farther an electron is from the nucleus the greater its energy.

what does a shell model do?

helps us visualize how electrons populate atoms. each shell includes all of the orbitals on one energy level. nested shells go with higher energy levels.

no vancancies

an outermost shell is filled wiht electrons. most stable state. valence electrons. image full

vacancies

an outermost shell has room for another electron. cheimcally active so they can interact with other atoms. image 4e-

chemical bond

attractive forces that arise between two atoms when their e- interact.

compound

molecule with atoms of more than one element

how do atoms get rid of vacancies?

by participating in chemical bonds with other atoms

ionic bond

strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge. GIVES. NaCl

covalent bonds

SHARE e-. 2 shared in each bond. when sharing is equal it is nonpolar. when one atom has a greater pull on the e-, unequal, the bond is polar.

ions

atoms with an unequal # of protons and electrons. overall positive net charge = cations. overall negative net charge = anion.

hydrogen bonding in H2O

two polar covalent bonds in each water molecule. O has slight - charge and Hs have slight + charge.

hydrophilic

dissolves in H2O. -OH, -NH, and NaCl. polar. Slight + charge on H attracts negatives. slight - charge on O attracts positives. nonionic polar solids dissolve in water because of H bonding.

hydrophobic

dont dissolve in H2O. -CH. Nonpolar. oils.

solvent

liquid in which solutes are dissolved. H2O is a good one.

solute

dissolved substance

solution

solute + solvent. uniform mixture of solute completeloy dissolved in solvent. chemical bonds dont form between them.

salt

releases ions besides H+ and OH- when dissolved in H2O

molecules of life

C based organic compounds. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

organic

molecules primarily having H and C atoms. many have a chain of C atoms as a backbone.

carbon

4 vacancies. versatile bonding behavior.

fatty acid

nonpolar, hydrocarbon, carboxylic acid. C19O2H40

amino acid

amino group, carboxyl group, and R group unique to each amino acid.

sugar

pentose ring with O and hydroxyl group.

hydrocarbon

consisting only of C and H atoms

amine

very basic. -NH2. found in nucleotide ases and amino acids.

carboxyl

very acidic. -COOH. found in fatty acids and amino acids.

hydroxyl

polar. -OH. found in alcohols and sugars