Anatomy Units 1-4 Test

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

Study of function - how the body works and carries out its functions

Describe from simple to complex the levels of a human organism

atoms → molecules → cells →tissue → organ → organ system

Gross Anatomy

study of large body structures visible to naked eye. Heart, kidneys, lungs etc

Surface Anatomy

Studies external features of body, without dissection or visual assistance

Systemic Anatomy

Studies how body systems work ex digestive system, cardiovascular, etc

What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

Histology, cytology, virology

Virology

Study of viruses

Developmental Anatomy

changes that occur throughout life

Embryology

Developments that occur before birth

Renal physiology

kidney function

Integumentary System

hair, nails, skin. Synethesizes Vitamin D when exposed to UV light. Houses cutaneous receptors, sweat glands, oil gland

Skeletal System

Bones of body. Protects and support organs. Provides frame muscles can pull on. Stores calcium 

Muscular System

Skeletal muscles. Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion and facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat

Lymphatic System

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes. Disposes of debris in lymphatic stream, houses lymphocytes that are involved in immunity

Respiratory System

Lungs, trachea, larynx, bronchus, pharynx, nasal cavity. Supplies blood with oxygen, removed carbon dioxide

Digestive System

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large/small intestines, rectum, anus. Breaks down food, removes waste

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Control system of body. Responds to stimuli by activating muscles/glands

Endocrine System

pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, ovaries. Hormones regulate processes such as growth, production, metabolism

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels, heart. Heart pumps blood, blood vessels transport blood, removing waste

Urinary System

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid base balance of blood

Female Reproductive System

mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube. Produces eggs and sex hormones. Development of the fetus. Mammary glands produce milk

Male Reproductive System

Prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. Produces sperm and male sex hormone

What characteristics are needed to maintain life?

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Catabolism

breaking substances down into simpler components

Anabolism

Synthesizing complex structures from simpler components

Survival Needs

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Normal Body Temperature

98.6 degrees F, 37 degrees C

Homeostasis

maintaining stable internal conditions despite outside changing environment.

Maintained through negative/positive feedback loops.

Regulated by nervous and endocrine systems

Receptor

Monitors environment and detects change. Sends information along Affarent (Away from brain)  pathway to the control center.

Control Center

decides how to react to an Affarent pathway. The output moves along the Efferent pathway (towards the brain)

Effector

Carries out control centers response to the stimulus. Effectors carried out by glands or muscles

Positive Feedback

Enhances stimulus

Less frequent

Ex: childbirth, lactation, blood clotting

Negative Feedback

Reduces, reverses, shuts off original stimulus.

Most used feedback loop in body

Ex: blood glucose regulation, body temp regulation, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen/CO2 levels

True or False

If negative Feedback mechanisms fail, destructive positive feedback mechanisms occur.

True

frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

midsagittal Plane

exactly in middle, symmetrical

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

divides body into superior and inferior parts

parasagittal

offset from the midline, asymmetrical

Dorsal Body Cavity

protects the nervous system, has 2 subdivisions: cranial cavity, vertebral/spinal cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

more anterior and larger.

Contains Thoracic cavity which has the pleural cavities, mediastinum.

Abdominopelvic cavity - inferior to thoracic. Houses abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Parietal Serosa

Thin double layered membrane called serosa or serious membrane. Lines the cavity wall.

Visceral Serosa

covers the organ

Serous fluid

in between two serosa is a lubricating fluid that prevents friction

Parietal Pericardium

lines the pericardial cavity

Visceral Pericardium

covers the heart

Pericardial space

space between the two pericardiums that secrete serous fluid

Eukaryotic Cell

have a nucleus, organelles, in animals, plants, fungi, protists

Cellular Respiration 

includes 4 steps glycolysis, bridge reaction, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Cellular respiration reaction formula

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ →6H₂O + 6CO₂+ 32ATP + heat

What organs are in the right hypochondriac region?

liver, gallbladder

What organs are in the left hypochondriac region?

diaphragm, spleen, 

What organs are in the epigastric region?

stomach

What organs are in the right lateral/lumbar region?

large intestine

What organs are in the left lumbar/lateral region?

descending colon of large intestine

What organs are in the umbilical  region?

small intestine

What organs are in the right iliac region?

appendix, cecum

What organs are in the left iliac region?

initial part of sigmoid colon

What organs are in the pubic/hypogastric region?

urinary bladder

glycolysis

breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules. 2 ATP produced. Takes place in cytoplasm

Bridge Reaction

converts 2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl CoA. 0 ATP prduced. in mitochondria

Krebs Cycle

Series of reactions to refine molecule to enter ETC 2 ATP produced. takes place in mitochondria

Electron Tranport Chain

oxygen is final electron acceptor. Produces most ATP, occurs in cristae of mitochondria

Cell Theory

• A cell is the structural/functional unit of life

• How well the entire organism functions depends on cells activities

• Structure and function are complementary 

• Continuity of life has cellular basis

3 Main Components of Cell Theory

1) Cell is smallest unit of life

2) All organisms are made of cells

3) Cells arise only from other cells

Progenitor Cells

derivative of stem cells that are already differentiated.

Can be unipotent, or oligopotent

Main difference between Stem and Progenitor Cells

Progenitor Cells cant make more of themselves when they divide. They can be used if damage keeps occurring.

Stem cells duplicate themselves

hyperplasia

accelerated growth that increases cell numbers when needed

atrophy

decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation or use

Hypertrophy

Increase in size that results from gain of stimulation or use

Extracellular fluids (body fluids)

Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebroespinal fluid, cellular secretions

Interstitial fluid

fluid filling space around cells in a tissue

Blood plasma

liquid component of blood, 90% water

Cerebroespinal fluid

cushions, protects, and nourishes the brain and spinal cord

Cellular Secretions

Made inside the cell then pushed outside cell- ex: saliva, mucus, gastric fluid

glycocalyx

cell to cell recognition. allows immune system to distinguish between self tissue and potential pathogenic tissue

membrane proteins

make up half the plasma membrane, have specialized functions

includes integral proteins and peripheral proteins

integral proteins

embedded in cell membrane. travel through thickness of membrane

Peripheral proteins

Attached to surface of cell membrane.

travel partially through cell membrane or attached to integral protein

why do cells divide

growth, repair, development

Cell junctions

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

how cells are bound together to form tissues/organs

tight junctions

tight permeable membrane seal. Prevents fluid from squeezing between cells.

Ex: urinary bladder, intestines, blood brain barrier

Desmosomes

hook shaped proteins that link adjacent cells together

Linker protein called plaques

Ex: myocardium, skin

Stem cells

have the ability to specialize into different types of cells.

3 different types

Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

gap junctions

pores between cells, allows substances to pass between calls.

Transmembrane proteins (connexons)

Ex: n cardiac/smooth muscle cells

Active Transport

how substance passes plasma membrane, energy is required, ATP

Passive Transport

No energy required for substances to cross plasma membrane

3 types of passive transport

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

simple diffusion

non-polar hydrophobic substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bi-layer

EX: oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones, fatty acids

Facilitated diffusion

Carrier mediated- substances bind to protein carriers

Channel mediated- substances move through water filled channels called aquaporins

Active Transport

Primary and secondary active transport

hydrostatic pressure

outward pressure exerted on cells size of membrane caused by increase in volume of cell due to osmosis

osmotic pressure

inward pressure

primary active transport

• must occur first

• energy to do work comes from hydrolysis of ATP by pumps

• energy from ATP hydrolysis cause change in shape of pump

Secondary active tranport

• energy stored in concentration gradients of ions created by primary active transport pump

• always move more than one substance at a time using cotransport protein

• do not directly require energy

Vesicular transport

involves Tranport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluid in vesicles

Includes endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking

endocytosis

transport into the cell

Inlcudes Phagocytosis: sold, “cell eating”

Pinocytosis- Liquid “cell drinking”

Exocytosis

transport out of cell

Transcytosis

moves substances into, across then OUT of cell

vesicular trafficking

moves substances across the cell