AP world study packet

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards based on the Marco Learning AP World History Study Guide.

The Song Dynasty in China maintained its rule through long-held cultural traditions based in Neo-Confucian principles, such as _, Buddhism, and a system of civil service exams.

filial piety

In South and Southeast Asia, societies continued to be shaped by Hinduism, Buddhism, and .

Islam

In India, various decentralized kingdoms competed with each other until the emergence of the .

Delhi Sultanate

Mainland Southeast Asia was dominated by the Empire, which had its capital at the Hindu-turned-Buddhist temple complex Angkor Wat.

Khmer

As the Abbasid Caliphate began to decline, new Muslim powers emerged in the world of Dar al-Islam and expanded their influence by means of military excursion, trade, and ___.

missionary work

The medieval Muslim world was dominated by the Mamluks and the who ruled the declining Abbasid Caliphate.

Seljuks

In Europe, feudalism led to distinct social and economic hierarchies, with lords, vassals, knights, and each having particular roles.

serfs

In North America, the Mississippian cultures exhibited great regional variation; most tribes were connected through trade and religious and cultural similarities; and the Aztecs in Mexico thrived in large city-states such as its capital, .

Tenochtitlan

In the Andes mountains of South America, the Inca developed a united monarchy and a powerful military, thriving during the century leading up to the __.

Spanish Conquest

In the west of Africa , the wealthy Mali produced leaders such as __, who built mosques and a library at Timbuktu.

Mansa Musa

The regions along the east coast of the African continent were united by the arrival of Arab traders, whose language mixed with the native Bantu to create .

Swahili

Improvements in business practices for merchants, such as the use of credit and _, facilitated new markets for luxury goods that crossed regional boundaries along the Silk Roads.

caravanserai

The Mongols, a nomadic people group from Central Asia, originally consisted of scattered clans that were united under in the early 13th century.

Genghis Khan

The expansive Mongol empire incorporated many conquered territories and made long-distance trade relatively easy and safe during the _.

Pax Mongolica

After 1200, existing trade routes through the Indian Ocean expanded and new trading cities such as Gujarat and the Sultanate of Malacca, became powerful centers of commerce, as did Swahili city-states including __ and Zanzibar along the Swahili Coast of East Africa.

Mombasa

Innovations in technology, for example, the __ and lateen sails, enabled travelers to more easily navigate maritime routes.

astrolabe

Innovations in camel saddle technology, which made long-distance journeys much easier, and the ability of travelers to join groups of caravans encouraged interregional trade of gold, salt, and along trans-Saharan trade routes.

slaves

Gunpowder and paper technology spread from China to other parts of the world, and an increasing number of travelers such as _, Marco Polo, and Margery Kempe wrote about their journeys.

Ibn Battuta

Connectivity led to the transfer of crops such as bananas and to new regions, but disease pathogens also spread.

rice

The period from 1450 to 1750 witnessed the expansion of land-based empires across the globe. These empires, often referred to as the Empires, conducted their expansion in large part through widespread use of gunpowder, cannons, and other technologically sophisticated weaponry.

Gunpowder

The Ottomans recruited soldiers and bureaucrats through the practice of .

devshirme

Rulers around the world continued long-standing religious practices such as human sacrifice in .

Meso-America

As a way of generating revenue, the zamindars in South Asia were military leaders whose duties included collecting taxes on behalf of the _ Empire

Mughal

In Europe, the Protestant Reformation— initiated in part through the actions of German monk — and subsequent Catholic Counter- Reformation reshaped Christianity throughout the continent, impacting worship practices and theological identities.

Martin Luther

In the Ottoman and Safavid empires, political and theological conflicts arose due to competition between and Shi’a Muslims.

Sunni

In South Asia, the intermingling of Hindu and Muslim cultures led to the emergence of a new syncretic religion, .

Sikhism

Using the new ship type caravel, Portuguese mariners established a prominent role in transoceanic trade, and, similarly, the carrack was used for trade by the Portuguese while the Spanish utilized the __.

galleon

European nations were motivated to compete in exploration in order to find new trade routes, acquire wealth, promote , and dominate their political rivals.

Christianity

Driven in part by mercantilist ideology, Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, and Dutch mariners sailed across the world, establishing prominent roles in global trade. One notable Portuguese explorer, , was the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope to India.

Vasco da Gama

Fruits such as citrus fruits traveled from Europe to the Americas, while staple crops like maize, tomatoes, and potatoes traveled from the Americas to Europe in what has become known as the ___.

Columbian Exchange

The new increase in travel across oceans also led to the spread of infectious diseases through vectors such as rats and mosquitoes, which in turn led to disease pandemics such as smallpox, measles, __, to which those in the Americas had no immunity.

malaria

Ming China and Tokugawa Japan set up restricted policies in an attempt to limit the influence of European economic activities in Asia.

isolationist

The Asante Empire in West Africa acted as a middleman, trading enslaved people in exchange for European firearms, while the neighboring Kingdom of Kongo similarly had economic relationships with Europeans that were largely centered on the export of .

slavery

Europeans coerced indigenous labor to produce commercial crops such as sugar through plantation agriculture, with land-labor systems such as encomienda and ___ becoming more common.

hacienda

European states adopted economic policies centered on __, with joint-stock companies that could serve as a means of accumulating capital and privatizing profits playing an increasingly prominent role.

mercantilism

The Pueblo Revolts and King Philip’s War were examples of indigenous resistance to ___ encroachment into their territories.

European

___ in the Caribbean and Brazil were communities of formerly enslaved peoples who resisted slavery by running away and forming their own independent societies.

Maroon societies

In response to European encroachment, Queen Nzinga of Ndongo made an alliance with the __ to resist Portuguese control of her territories, but ultimately her military efforts proved unsuccessful.

Dutch

Rising to challenge state power, Queen Nzinga of Ndongo made an alliance with the Dutch , and this period when the Cossacks rose up against the government on behalf of their own autonomy.

Russian Frontier

European gentry grew in power relative to peasant classes, while in Qing China, the ruling Manchus instituted policies against ethnically populations.

Han

Enlightenment philosophies reexamined the role of religion in public life and instead promoted empiricist thinking. Reform movements arose that pushed for abolition of slavery, the expansion of suffrage, and the end of _.

serfdom

Governments around the world used people’s sense of unity surrounding religion, language, and social customs to promote nationalist ideologies that were manifest in state-building enterprises such as the German and _ unification movements.

Italian

Discontent throughout Europe ,often inspired by liberal democratic ideals, led to rebellions and revolts against existing power structures such as the __ Revolution, the Taiping Rebellion, the Sepoy Mutiny, and various independence movements in Latin America.

French

Environmental, societal, and technological changes led to growth in industrial production. Proximity to waterways, access to resources, and other factors accompanied the development of the factory system and more sophisticated __ for mass production.

machinery

In the United States and Western Europe, the creation of the railroad led to the dominance of those regions in the manufacturing and industrial sectors, while Middle Eastern, Asian, and African nations lagged behind economically. Alongside the development of new machines, industrializing societies experienced an increased demand for and then reliance upon fossil fuels such as ___.

coal

As these technologies became more widespread and readily available, steamships, the railroad, and the telegraph completely changed the ways in which individuals and goods were able to travel around the globe and made communication across regions simpler and cheaper.

the telegraph

In Western Europe, the ideas of Adam Smith prompted a move away from long-standing mercantilist policies in favor of laissez-faire capitalism and .

free trade

___ fought for better working conditions and higher wages, while intellectuals such as Karl Marx decried the excesses of capitalism and encouraged socialist or communist political reforms.

Labor unions

Some governments, such as those of the Ottoman Empire and Japan, sought to modernize their societies amid resistance from some members of traditionalist or elite groups.

Japan

As a result of industrialization, new social groups such as the working class and _ emerged.

middle class

Social Darwinists believed that Charles Darwin’s theories had implications beyond biology and that the concept of “survival of the fittest” applied to societal organization and politics. As such, many American and European thinkers thought it appropriate that wealthy, powerful countries should increase their wealth and power at the expense of those that were less developed. Accompanying this worldview was often a belief that Americans and Europeans looking to expand their empires had a moral duty to “civilize” those countries they deemed to be civilizationally inferior to themselves, and that their imperialism was part of a _.

civilizing mission

Around the globe, anti-imperialist and anti-colonial movements formed in response to state expansion, such as Túpac Amaru II’s unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish in Peru, against French colonialists in West Africa, and the Ghost Dance religious movement in North America, designed to drive away white settlers and restore traditional pre- European ways of life.

Samory Touré’s

Illustrative examples of export economies in the industrialized world include the development of cotton production in Egypt, rubber extraction in the Amazon region and Central Africa, the palm oil trade in West Africa, and large-scale __ in South America.

meat production

New modes of transportation in the industrial age made it easier for populations to shift and move to other parts of the globe. In addition to widespread urbanization, the period from 1750 to 1900 was marked by migration to an extent never seen before. Japanese agricultural workers moved to plantations in Hawaii or to the United States, Italian industrial workers moved to Argentina, and British engineers moved all across Asia to build __.

railroads

Large segments of the population (as in Ireland) were forced to migrate due to __, such as many of the Irish who moved to the east coast of the United States in large numbers after the Irish Potato Famine.

extreme hardship

Cultural intermixing resulted from migration, but xenophobic, nativist, and attitudes rose across the globe, as societies often rejected immigrants and created laws such as the American Chinese Exclusion Act to limit the number of migrants from certain regions coming to their soil.

racist

Many empires faced internal and external challenges, such as the Revolution.

Russian

Following World War I, the nations of the world were forced to grapple simultaneously with the devastation of the conflict and the economic volatility of the _.

Great Depression

Japan also increased its colonial holdings in the interwar period by carving out the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” by occupying neighboring nations and installing __.

puppet governments

Nationalism led fascist and totalitarian regimes to pursue aggressive military agendas by convincing their citizenry that authoritarian governments were the only way to address the uncomfortable short- term realities of the interwar period.

Nationalism

In the case of the _, the Nazi Party rose to power in Germany by claiming that the Jewish people were responsible for Germany’s economic and political problems.

Holocaust

The capitalist nations, led by the ___(U.S.S.R), turned to authoritarian governments and strong top-down leadership to accomplish their goals.

Soviet Union

During the ___, non-superpower nations were forced to grapple with questions of what it meant to be either communist or capitalist.

Cold War

Chinese communists seized power and forced through a program to the economy through the Great Leap Forward.

nationalize

Mohandas Gandhi was able to use_ resistance to orchestrate India’s independence from British colonial rule.

nonviolent

utilized nonviolent methods to help South Africa address the obligations it faced as a newly independent nation and the challenges of grappling with its colonial past.

Nelson Mandela

The Soviet Union was officially in 1991.

dissolved

Many technological advances, especially medical innovations, had a clear benefit for mankind. For example, the development of safe and effective vaccines and antibiotics allowed humans to live longer, while the advent of advanced _ gave women greater control over their lives and bodies.

birth control

Rising rates of female literacy in this period were coupled with increased female participation in politics and, subsequently, a global ___movement that challenged long-standing gender norms to advocate for a less hierarchical understanding of gender.

feminist

Education was also an important part of environmental movements, such as Greenpeace and Professor Wangari Maathai’s Green Belt Movement in Kenya, that drew connections between environmental exploitation and _.

inequality

Some aspects of the popular and consumer culture of the century represented cultural hybrids, such as the blending of American and Indian movie-making styles in or the mix of African musical styles and indigenous Jamaican music in Reggae.

Bollywood