CCJS Exam 2

Which of the following is not one of the major principles of sociological theories of crime causation?

It is possible to predict the specific behavior of an individual member of a given group.

Social __________ refers to institutional arrangements within society’s institutions.

structure

The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone __________ as being in transition.

II

Which of the following was not a result of the broken windows thesis?

A focus on serious crime

According to Merton, an innovator

accepts the legitimate goals but rejects the socially approved means of acquiring those goals.

There are a large number of female-dominated gangs today.

False

According to social process theories, criminal behavior is

learned in interaction with others.

Which of the following is not a social process theory?

Strain theory

Rather than focusing on factors which cause criminal behavior, __________ theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.

social control

Social bond theory postulates or suggests that

crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken.

A college student who is expecting to graduate at the end of the semester considers shoplifting some textbooks from the bookstore, to save the cost of buying them. She decides against it because the possibility of being expelled from the university a few months before graduation outweighs the possible gains of saving some extra money. This is an example of the _______ component of the social bond.

commitment

Listing the names of drunk drivers on a billboard facing a freeway is an example of ________ shaming.

stigmatic

Social process theories assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law.

True

Which of the following is not one of the three main analytical perspectives discussed in Chapter 9?

Radical

The __________ perspective holds that although different viewpoints exist, most individuals agree on the usefulness of the law as a formal means of dispute resolution.

pluralist

According to Karl Marx, the __________ are the exploited working class who are without power.

proletariat

criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.

Peacemaking

The conflict perspective sees conflict between groups as unavoidable.

True

The dark figure of crime refers to

crime that is not reported to the police.

If you are looking for national crime statistics and want self-report data, you should use which of the following sources of data?

The National Crime Victimization Survey

Which of the following crimes is measured by the UCR but not by the NCVS?

Homicide

According to my class lecture for Chapter 11, what percentage of cases at the Child Advocacy Centers of Pennsylvania were related to child sexual assault?

90%

Premeditated murder is

first degree murder.

Which of the following was not one of the main ways in which the old UCR definition of rape was biased?

It did not allow for rapes by male offenders

Which of the following is not one of the types of behaviors encompassed in child sexual abuse?

An adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor

The most common workplace violent incident is a(n)

assault

 According to the textbook, hate crimes are most commonly committed by

white males

Mass murderers are more difficult to apprehend than serial killers.

False

Youth who both bully others and are bullied themselves are at a lesser risk of subsequent behavioral, mental health, and academic problems.

False

 Which of the following is not one of the major property crimes, according to the FBI?

Robbery

 One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through

technology

 Which of the following vehicles is not included in the UCR’s definition of motor vehicle theft?

Airplanes

 The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is

fun

The majority of individuals involved in arson are

juveniles

The target of a burglary is a structure.

True

 According to routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is known as a

capable guardian.

studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.

criminologist

The Chicago Concentric zone theory was created by whom

Park and Burgess (1920s-1930s)

The “evidence” in evidence-based criminology refers to..

Experimental scientific findings.

Which serial killer typology states that the killer kills not for sexual gratification, but rather for personal gain (money or goods)?

Comfort-oriented

Being a victim/survivor of a crime can have what effects on someone?

Socio-emotional, physical, and financial 

The NCVS obtains data from

Households

What does the NCVS stand for?

National Crime Victimization Survey

What are the cons of NCVS?

NCVS only accounts for ages 12 and older, doesn't include homicide, and does not account for those who are unhoused or incarcerated 

According to social process theories, criminal behavior is

learned in interaction with others

According to Karl Marx, the _____ are the wealthy, successful, land and home owners, the powerful.

bourgeoisie

According to the social development perspective, development begins after birth.

FALSE

Rather than focusing on factors that cause criminal behavior, _________ theories examine factors that keep people from committing crimes.

social control

What is reintegrative shaming?

Shaming that strengthens the moral bond between the offender and the community.

What is the opposite of reintegrative shaming?

Stigmatic shaming 

Is a sociopath born or raised?

Raised

Is a psychopath born or raised?

Born

Social structure theories are able to predict which individuals will turn to crime

False, they can only explain

How did the USA Patriot Act Help Victims?

It made victims of terrorism eligible for victims’ compensation.

1st degree homicide

Premeditated (Malice, intent to kill, planned)

2nd degree homicide

Crime of passion, the intent of killing, and the killing itself happen simultaneously 

3rd degree homicide

Unlawful or negligent, no intent

Broken Windows theory

Wilson & Kelling

Strain theory/anomie theory

pressure someone feels to reach socially determined goals

General Strain Theory (GST)

Agnew. Unable to adapt, lack of good coping skills

Culture Conflict

a clash between cultures over what is acceptable or not

The root cause of criminality can be found in a clash or values between

differently socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behavior

Sellin

types of neutralization

Sykes & Matza

Critique of Social Structure theories

Suggest poverty and social injustices are produced by crime

Social Learning theory

crime is learned

Differential Association

Sutherland

Differential Association-Reinforcement theory

Burgess & Akers, 1966

Differential Association-Reinforcement

Focused more on frequency of the criminality or how often it was learned. Combined social structure, environment, and social learning.

Differential Identification theory

Glaser

Differential Identification

Do not have to know the person to identify with them, deemphasized the frequency of association

Social Control

focus on the strength of the bond the person has in their lives

combines personality and environment

can be controlled by those most closest to them

Social Bond was created by whom?

Hirschi, 1969

Social Bond

a bond is created through an individual and the society they are a part of

Social Bond Four Factors

Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief

Who is associated with learning theory?

Becker

Labeling theory

When committing crime there is a negative response from society and it follows the person

Who is associated with tagging?

Tannenbaum

Tagging

the ind. is negatively defined by agencies of justice, tagged as criminal

Who is associated with Reintegrative Shaming?

Braithwaite, 1997

Reintegrative Shaming

Focuses on shaming, embarrassment, and deterrence to condemn the crime, not the criminal

Stigmatic shaming

destroys the moral bond between the offender and the community

Social development

relationship between the maturing individual and their changing environment

Social development cons

Hard to test without precise meanings

Need to enhance self-control and build prosocial bonds

Need to improve on parenting, schools, etc.

What is social conflict

emphasizes the power of conflict within society, based on unfairness between social classes

3 analytical perspectives

Consensus perspective

Pluralist perspective

Conflict perspective

Radical criminology

Richard Quinney

Critical Criminology

Crime is a natural product of a capitalist system

Left-realist

in criminology is a branch of radical criminology.

Left-realist Major Goal

“to achieve a just and orderly society through a practical emphasis on social justice”

Feminist

sees the conflict and inequality present in society as being primarily on gender

Postmodern criminology

builds on the tenets inherent in postmodern social thought.

Moral time

a clash between social understandings of right and wrong

Convict criminology

consists of writings and musings on criminology by convicted felons and ex-inmates who have acquired academic credentials or are associated with credentialed others

Victim

a person who suffers direct or threatened physical, psychological, or financial harm as a result of the commission or attempted commission of a crime or delinquent act.

Dark figure of crime

unreported or undiscovered crimes

UCR

Uniform Crime Reports, in operation since 1930

Run by the FBI

Crimes are recorded by reporting the crime to the police

NIBRS

National Incident-Based Reporting System

Run by the FBI

Crimes are recorded by reporting the crime to the police

Replaced the UCR in January 2021

Provides more details than the UCR

OVC supports this change

NCVS

National Crime Victimization Survey

Run by BJS

Self-reported through surveys to households

Collects data on both reported and unreported crimes

Excludes anyone under the age of 12, unhoused, incarcerated, in hosptials