Adv. Clinical Chemistry Unit 6 - Hormones

A substance in the body that is synthesized by one endocrine cell but effects target cells away from the synthesis site.

hormone

Aromatic hormones are derived from ________.

tyrosine

Protein hormones are derived from _________.

amino acids/peptides/glycopeptides

Steroids are derived from ________.

cholesterol

All aromatic hormones, except for __________, are (soluble/insoluble) in water.

thyroid hormones; soluble

All protein hormones are (soluble/insoluble) in water.

soluble

All steroid hormones are (soluble/insoluble) in water.

insoluble

Most hormones are measured using what methodology?

immunoassays (either competitive or samwhich techniques)

___________ tests are used to evaluate the secretory reserve of the gland when testing for hypofunction.

stimulation

__________ tests are used to evaluate a hyperfunctioning gland by demonstrating its inability to inhibit excessive hormone production.

suppression

Hormone receptors found on the surface of a cell are known as ____________.

membrane receptors

Hormone receptors found within a target cell are known as __________.

nuclear receptors

Membrane receptors bind ___________ and _________.

catecholamines/proteins

Nuclear receptors bind __________.

small molecules

Hormones are controlled by _____________ and __________ feedback mechanisms.

positive/negative

This part of the brain affects the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

What two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

ADH/oxytocin

TRH is secreted by the __________.

hypothalamus

CRH is secreted by the __________.

hypothalamus

GnRH is secreted by the __________.

hypothalamus

What does TRH stand for?

thyroid releasing hormone

What does CRH stand for?

corticotropin releasing hormone

What does GnRH stand for?

gonadotropin releasing hormone

What does ADH stand for?

antidiuretic hormone

ADH is also known as...

vasopressin

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as...

adenohypophysis

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as...

neurohypophysis

TSH is secreted by the __________.

anterior pituitary gland

ACTH is secreted by the __________.

anterior pituitary gland

FSH is secreted by the __________.

anterior pituitary gland

LH is secreted by the __________.

anterior pituitary gland

Prolactin is secreted by the __________.

anterior pituitary gland

Growth hormone is secreted by the __________.

anterior pituitary gland

Growth hormone is also known as...

somatotropin

TSH stands for...

thyroid stimulating hormone

ACTH stands for...

adrenocorticotropic hormone

FSH stands for...

follicle stimulating hormone

LH stands for...

leutinizing hormone

What is the target organ(s) for TSH?

thyroid gland

This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to make and release T3 and T4.

TSH

What is the target organ(s) for ACTH?

adrenal cortex

What is the target organ(s) for FSH?

ovaries/testes

This hormone stimulates the synthesis of estrogen and the process of spermatogenesis.

FSH

What is the target organ(s) for LH

ovary/testes

This hormone promotes ovulation in females and stimulates the secretion of testosterone in males.

LH

What two hormones are usually measured as part of an infertility study?

FSH/LH

What is the target organ(s) for prolactin?

breasts

This hormone stimulates the production of milk within the mammary glands and is released in response to a decrease in estrogen after delivery.

prolactin

Which hormone is a sensitive indicator of pituitary dysfunction?

prolactin

This hormone stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body.

growth hormone

Excessive amounts of this hormone can cause acromegaly.

growth hormone

What is the target tissues of growth hormone?

liver/bone

This hormone is secreted in response to an increase in plasma osmolality. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and decrease urinary output.

ADH (vasopressin)

What is the target organ(s) for ADH?

kidneys

This hormone promotes uterine contractions during birth and stimulates the ejection of milk during lactation.

oxytocin

Technical name for T4

thyroxine

Technical name for T3

triiodothyronine

What is the normal ration for T4:T3?

10:1

T3 and T4 must bind to _________, __________ or ________ because the are insoluble in water.

TBG (thyroid binding globulin)/prealbumin/albumin

What are the functions of T3/T4

Regulation of carbs, lipids and protein metabolism/CNS activity/cardiovascular stimulation/GI regulation/growth and development/sexual maturation

This condition (don't list autoimmune disease) is characterized by:

Increased T3 and T4

Decreased TSH

hyperthyroidism

This condition (don't list autoimmune disease) is characterized by:

Decreased T3 and T4

Increased TSH

hypothyroidism

What kind of hormone disorder is associated with Grave's disease.

hyperthyroidism

The symptoms of this hormone disorder/autoimmune disease is characterized by:

Fatigue

Weight gain

Decreased mental/physical output

Cold intolerance

Goiters

Hashimoto's disease

The symptoms of this hormone disorder/autoimmune disease is characterized by:

Weight loss

Heat intolerance

Hair loss

Nervousness

Tachycardia

Tremors

Graves disease

What kind of hormone disorder is associated with Hashimoto's disease.

hypothyroidism

What autoantibodies are responsible for Graves disease?

antibodies to TSH receptors

What autoantibodies are responsible for Hashimoto's disease?

anti-TPO/anti-thyroglobuilin

Term for norm thyroid status.

euthyroidism

This hormone has recently been measured as a highly specific marker for bacterial infections and sepsis.

procalcitonin

This hormone is a precursor to calcitonin.

procalcitonin

This hormone increases the reabsorption of calcium from the bones, increases the uptake of calcium in the small intestine, and increases the reabsorption of Ca in the kidney.

PTH

What affect does PTH have on phosphorus plasma levels?

decreases

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?

insulin

What hormone released by the pancreases increases blood glucose levels?

glucagon

What class or hormones are produced from the adrenal medulla?

catecholamine

Glucocorticoids are secreted from the __________.

adrenal cortex

Mineralocorticoids are secreted from the __________.

adrenal cortex

Aldosterone is secreted from the __________.

adrenal cortex

What hormone has diurnal variation, and is higher in the am?

cortisol

What is the primary function of cortisol?

regulation of carbohydrates, fat, and protein metabolism

What hormone is measured by the Porter Silber reaction?

17-hydroxycorticosteroid

What kind of hormone disorder is associated with Addison's disease?

hypocortisolism

What lab findings would you see in Addison's disease?

decreased cortisol/increased ACTH/decreased 17-hydroxycorticosteroid/hypoglycemia/hyperkalemia

The symptoms of this hormone disorder/autoimmune disease is characterized by:

Fatigue

Weakness

Weight loss

Hyperpigmentation

Hypotension

Addison's disease

What kind of hormone disorder is associated with Cushing's syndrome?

hypercortisolism

"Buffalo hump" and "moon face" are signature symptoms of this disease.

Cushing's syndrome

What lab values would you see in Cushing's syndrome

increased ACTH/increased cortisol/increased 17 hydroxycorticosteroids

This hormone's primary function is to promote the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney.

aldosterone

What kind of hormone disorder is associated with Conn's disease?

hyperaldosteronism

What lab values would you see in Conn's disease?

increased Na/decreased K

17 ketosteroids is a breakdown product of ___________.

androgen

Androgen is also known as...

testosterone

What is measured using the Zimmerman reaction?

androgen

Progesterone is high after __________.

ovulation

Catecholamines are released due to ____________ stimulation.

nervous system

epinephrine and norepinephrine are part of what class or hormones?

catecholamines

Name for a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

pheochromocytoma

What lab results would you see with a pheochromocytoma?

increased epinephrine/increased norepinephrine

What urinary metabolites would you look for if you suspect your patient has pheochromocytoma?

metanephrine/VMA/HVA