2.1.1 Mind Matters HBS Human Body Systems PLTW Mr. Alasti WCHS

Principal Investigator (PI)

Person in charge of a scientific research grant or clinical trial. The PI is considered the lead researcher, and their role is to manage and maintain the integrity or the study being conducted

Lab Manager

Person who generally oversees the lab, scheduling, ordering supplies, maintenance of equipment, and other tasks to keep the lab operating smoothly

Lab Technicians

People responsible for carrying out the hands-on work in the lab. They may collect specimens or samples, perform tests, calibrate equipment, collect data, or other tasks based on the work or research being conducted 

Postdoctoral Students 

PhD graduates continuing their education, research, and training beyond their doctoral studies 

What are the two systems of the body involved in communication, response, and function regulation?

The nervous and endocrine systems

How does the nervous system communicate?

Using electrical signals

How does the endocrine system communicate?

Using hormones or chemical signals 

Hormones

A signaling molecule produced by glands. A hormone induces a specific effect on the activity of cells

What are the two subsystems of the nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Central nervous system (CNS)

The part of the nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord, where sensory impulses are transmitted and motor impulses pass out, supervising and coordinating the activity of the entire nervous system 

Which subsystem of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

The central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous system and comprises the cranial nerves excepting the optic nerve, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

Which subsystem of the nervous system consists of a system of nerve cells that transmit information to and from the control center?

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How do the two subsystems of the nervous system work together?

They work together to ensure that important information gets to your brain to be processed and interpreted and that the correct response is generated

Which subsystem of the nervous system is pictured?

The central nervous system (CNS)

Which subsystem of the nervous system is pictured?

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What is the main organ of the nervous system?

The brain

Main functions of the brain

• Allows you to move, breathe, make decisions, solve problems, feel emotions, and interact with the world

• Key to communication in the human body

• Allows you to communicate with and respond to your surroundings

What are the three distinct structures of the brain?

• Cerebrum (divided into 4 parts or lobes)

• Cerebellum

• Brain stem

Lobe

A division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface

Brain Stem

The part of the brain that is composed of the midbrain, prons, and medulla oblongata and connects the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum

Label the outer brain structures

1. Cerebrum

2. Cerebellum

3. Pons

4. Brain Stem

5. Medulla Oblongata

Label the lobes of the cerebrum 

1. Sensory Cortex

2. Parietal Lobe

3. Motor Cortex

4. Occipital Lobe

5. Frontal Lobe

6. Temporal Lobe 

Label the inner brain structures

1. Cerebrum

2. Corpus Callosum

3. Thalamus

4. Hypothalamus

5. Hippocamus

6. Pituitary Gland

7. Medulla Oblongata

8. Cerebellum

Cerebellum

The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity 

Cerebrum

The most anterior part of the brain, located in the front area of the skull and consists of two hemispheres, left and right. It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body

Medulla Oblongata & Pons

Part of the brainstem

Temporal Lobe

Responsible for processing smell and sound, as well as the ability to recognize and understand words and language. They are also involved in visual memory 

Frontal Lobe

Plays a large role in your behavior and personality, such as planning, voluntary muscle movements, mood, emotions, and social interactions, and attention, and are also involved in memory retrieval and storage

Parietal Lobe

Responsible for sensing touch, spatial processing (being able to tell where objects are in space), language, and memory

Occipital Lobe

Primarily responsible for visual perception and are involved in some forms of visual, short-term memory

Motor Cortex

Where nerve impulses initiate voluntary muscular activity 

Sensory Cortex

All received sensory input signals, such as touch and taste, are sent through neurons to the sensory cortex to be processed

Thalamus

One of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception

Pituitary Gland

A tiny organ that serves as the primary gland for the body, producing several hormones and activating other glands to produce hormones 

Hypothalamus

Located below the thalamus and coordinated the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity 

What greatly increase the brain’s surface area?

The gyri and sulci

Gyrus

A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves

Sulcus

A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri 

What are the major nerves?

• Brachial plexus

• Radial nerve

• Ulnar nerve

• Spinal nerves

• Median nerve

• Sciatic nerve

Label the major nerves

1. Brachial plexus

2. Radial nerve

3. Ulnar nerve

4. Spinal nerves

5. Median nerve

6. Sciatic nerve

Brachial plexus 

Located near the shoulder area, extending down the arms

Radial nerve

Runs along the outer side of the arm

Median nerve

Runs down the middle of the arm

Sciatic nerve

Extends from the lower back down to each leg

Spinal nerves

Branch out from the spinal cord, extending to various parts of the body

Ulnar nerve

Positioned along the inner side of the arm