Rad 2

nasal area is longer than cranium

dolichocephalic, greyhound

nasal area and cranium are equal in length

mesocephalic, lab

nasal area is shorter than cranium

brachycephalic, pug

when taking a skull radiograph, it is important to:

have the rami of the mandible and tympanic bullae superimposed

in all of the radiographs of a young pt, you notice a dark inner content of tooth, which extends throughout the crown and the root. this is most likely the:

pulp chamber

what size dental film/image receptor is most common

2

the oblique view of the skull allows extraoral visualization of:

molars and premolars

list two indications of skull radiography

trauma, ear problems

name the two standard (initial) views for skull radiographs

RL and VD

where is the crown of the tooth located

supragingivally

to have a true diagnostic dental X-ray, the _________ needs to be visible on the radiograph

root

canine dental arcade formula

2x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)= 42

feline dental arcade formula

2x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1)= 30

if you needed to image the maxillary incisors, you would use what technique

bisecting technique

if you needed to image the last mandibular premolar, you would use what technique

parallel technique

if the dental X-ray beam is pointing more towards the the film, the image is _______________. If the beam is pointing more toward the tooth, the image is ____________.

foreshortened; elongated

the cranial landmark for the skull is the occipital protuberance 1

false 1

to create your bisecting angle, you need to know the long axis of the tooth and the direction in which the film is going 2

true 2

what dental numbering system is used here at VTI

trident system

list 3 positional aids you can use to assist with radiographs

foam wedge, gauze tape, sandbags

the upper GI study is performed to evaluate what

stomach and small intestines

myelography is used to evaluate the

spinal cord

arthrography is used to evaluate the

joints

positive contrast media are considered to be

radiopaque, which means it will be white on processed film

what type of drugs are contraindicated in contrast study? why?

anticholinergics because they decrease GI motility

why should survey films be taken before the contrast is administered

to ensure diagnosis and so you can see if contrast is needed

what is an example of positive contrast

barium

give two examples of negative contrast

air, oxygen

give two ways to prep a pt that is receiving an upper GI study

npo pt, make sure to remove any harnesses/ collars before rads are done

which best describes how contrast media works

it changes the density of within an organ to make the tissue or organ visible upon imaging

esophagography can be tough to preform, which procedure is preferred to evaluate the esophagus

fluoroscopy

according to your notes, give examples of why (presenting complaints) a contrast study might be considered

foreign body, V/D

in an upper GI study, barium can be seen in the stomach at what time after administration

immediately

what is one thing you can do to minimize artifact during barium contrast images

npo your pt

what two views are used for survey films

RL, VD

what are the cranial and caudal landmarks for the abdomen

cranial: T7 - 3rd rib

caudal: greater trochanter

which hip procedure will create a false joint with fibrous tissue

FHO

the primary difference between an OFA and a PennHip evaluation is that

PennHip focuses on the degree of a joint laxity using 3 views

the views of the pelvis for an OFA radiograph includes what

pelvis, femur, and stifles

in a lateral projection of the pelvis the affected limb should be:

closest to the film and pulled slightly cranially

what are the two standard positions for the stifle

mediolateral, and caudo-cranial

which hip procedure will create 3 incisions in the pelvis, rotate the pelvis and cause a better fit for the femur and acetabulum

TPO

how many total radiographs are required to be submitted for OFA certification of the pelvis

1

to maintain a true CdCr position, the patella must be placed between the medial and lateral humeral condyles 3

false 3

this term is used instead of caudal when talking about the hindlimb from the tarsal joint distally

plantar

this three possible therapies for hip dysplasia

physical therapy, hydrotherapy, weight loss

name the 4 bones associated with the stifle joint

patella, femur, tibia, fibula

where would you place your marker for a mediolateral view of the stifle

cranial aspect

when is a frog leg VD of the pelvis utilized

when trauma is suspected

where should the patella be positioned for an ideal view of the VD extended pelvis

parallel with the cassette and centered between the femoral condyles

what are the landmarks for a lateral projection of the pelvis

cranial: ilium

caudal: ischium

what is a C/S of a torn cruciate ligament

acute lameness

what is the most commonly inherited orthopedic dz in dogs

canine hip dysplasia

list 3 different C/S or presenting complaints from an owner that might warrant abdominal radiographs and what we might see radiographically

extended abdomen- pyometra

PU/PD- bladder stones

V/D- foreign body

abdominal radiographs should be taken on ________ and thoracic radiographs should be taken on _________

expiration; inspiration

during expiration the diaphragm is more cranial than during inspiration 4

true 4

what are the cranial and caudal landmarks for a thoracic radiograph

cranial: thoracic inlet

caudal: ½ way between xiphoid and last rib

what view/ position would be contraindicated in a pt in extreme respiratory distress

VD

define pulmonary edema

fluid build up in the lung tissue

define pulmonary effusion

fluid build up around the lung tissue

where is the measurement taken for a lateral view of the abdomen

measure at the caudal aspect of the 13th rib

where is the measurement taken for a lateral view of the thorax

caudal border of the scapula

how will a pts stomach appear on a radiograph if that pt has a GDV

it will appear dark and appear to have a gas double bubbles in it

what is the prevention and/or tx for GDV

gastropexy

all bladder stones are uroliths, but not all uroliths are bladder stones 5

true 5

buprenorphine is an

opioid partial agonist

atropine is an

anticholinergic

atipamezole is an

alpha 2 antagonist

dexmedetomidine is an

alpha 2 agonist

where is a VD abdominal film centered in a feline pt

2-3 finger widths caudal the umbilicus

you are aware that when positioning a pt in left lateral recumbency, gas in the stomach will rise to the _________

pylorus

when taking a lateral thoracic radiograph the vet tech should do what

position the forelegs cranially and sandbag

when would a DV view be preferred view for thoracic films

for cardiac films

which side of the body will the liver appear in a VD view

right side

which side of the body contains the majority of the stomach

left side

you are asked to preform a thoracic metastatic check on a pt with mammary adenocarcinoma. what views/positions would you take

R, L Lateral, and VD

where are abdominal radiographs centered in a canine

slightly caudal to last rib

where are the R/L markers located on a lateral thoracic film

adjacent to the axilla