Central Dogma of Biology

Frederick Griffith

He hypothesized that there is a “factor” that can change a harmless bacteria into a harmful one.

Oswald Avery

He discovered that the “transforming factor” is the DNA.

Erwin Chargaff

He introduced the “Chargaff’s rule,” which is the basis of the base pairing of nucleotides.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

They concluded that DNA is the genetic material present in bacteriophages.

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

They studied the structure of DNA using the X-ray diffraction technique.

Francis Crick and James Watson

They created the double-helix model of the DNA.

Erwin Chargaff

An Austrian-American biochemist from Columbia University, analyzed the base composition of the DNA of various species.

30.9%, 29.4%

Human DNA is _________ Adenine and ____________ Thymine.

19.9%, 19.8%

Human DNA is ________ Guanine and _______ Cytosine

purines, pyrimidines

The number of __________ always approximates the number of ________.

Translation

The process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

Codon

Three-letter genetic sequence found in both DNA and RNA.

Start and stop signals

The codon codes for a specific amino acid, or ___________, for the protein synthesis process.

tRNA, anti-codon

Each ________ molecule has three unpaired bases, called _________.

mRNA codon

The anti-codon complements ______________.

Central Dogma of Biology

Describes how genetic information is used to build proteins in cells.

DNA Replication

Makes copies of itself.

Transcription

A segment of DNA is used to make mRNA.

Translation

The mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where it is used to assemble amino acids into a protein.

DNA - RNA - Protein

This is how genetic information is expressed in the form of proteins that carry out the functions of life.

1. DNA Replication

2. Transcription

3. Translation

Three main steps of Central Dogma.

Adenine and Guanine

Purines.

Thymine and Cytosine

Pyrimidines.

Transcription

Process of making mRNA strand from DNA templates using base pairing.

Nucles

Transcription occurs in the ________.

DNA Replication

Process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated.

genome, daughter cell, chromosomes

When a cell divides, it must first duplicate its _______ so that each _______ winds up with a complete set of ________.

DNA Replication

It involves unwinding and splitting entire DNA molecule.

Nucleus

The products of DNA Replication remain within the ____________.

1. DNA’s complimentary base pairing

2. Antiparallel

3. Semiconservative

4. Hydrogen Bonds hold nucleotides together

Characteristics of DNA Replication

Protein Synthesis

Process in which cells make proteins.

Transcription and Translation

Two Stages of Protein Synthesis

Transcription

Transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA.

Translation

Second part of the central dogma of molecular biology: RNA - Protein.

Translation

The process in which the genetic code in mRNA is read to make a protein.

DNA

Type of molecule known as Nucleic Acid.

Nucleotides

DNA is made up of units called ______.

1. 5-Carbon sugar

2. Phosphate

3. Nitrogenous base

DNA consists of:

Double helix

Double-stranded DNA consists of two spiral nucleic acid chains that are twisted into a ________ shape.

Chromatin

DNA is paced into tightly coiled structures called _________.

Chromosomes

Chromatin condenses to form ______ during cell division.

Genes

Portions of DNA.

Chromosomes

DNA is tightly wound into _______.

Nucleus

DNA cannot leave the ________.

double-stranded

DNA Is ________. (no. of strands)

Purines

Two carbon-nitrogen base

Pyrimidines

One carbon-nitrogen base

Single-stranded

RNA is ______. (no. of strands)

genetic code

RNA does not carry ___________.

RNA

Reads the DNA code and takes the information out of the nucleus.

to build proteins

RNA’s main job is ___________.

Messenger RNA

Carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomal RNA

Makes up ribosomes.

Transfer RNA

It translates the genetic code from mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins.

Topoisomerases

Are enzymes that are abundantly present in our cells and can temporarily cut and rejoin our DNA to remove knots and tangles that form during important biological processes.

Replication Fork

The separation of DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape called a __________.

DNA Polymerase

generate new complementary nucleotide bases and are responsible for creating the new strand by a process called Elongation.

Elongation

Process of creating new strand.

Continuous

Elongation is called _______.

Okazaki Fragments

Chunks of DNA that are added to the lagging strand between the primers, also in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

Lagging strand

begins the replication process by binding with multiple RNA primers.

RNA Primers

Generated by the primase enzyme at various points along the lagging strand.

DNA ligase

Joins Okazaki Fragments together, forming a single unified strand.

Initiation

RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter.

Elongation

RNA polymerase makes a copy of the coding region using base pairing rules.

Termination

RNA polymerase makes mRNA until it reaches termination.

Proteins

Chain of amino acids.

DNA Replication

To conserve the entire genome for the next generation.

DNA Replication

It involves unwinding and splitting of the entire DN Molecule.

Transcription

To make mRNA copies of individual genes.

Transcription

It involves unwinding and splitting only those genes which are to be transcribed.