Digestive System {Chapter 23]

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119 Terms

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What are other names for the digestive system
gastrointestinal tract, alimentary canal, gut
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What are the major processes of the DI
Ingestion, Propulsion, Mechanical breakdown, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation
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What is peristalsis?
wave-like muscle contractions
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What is segmentation?
a type of mechanical breakdown; mixing in the small intestine
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What is the visceral peritoneum?
covers the organs external surface
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What is the parietal peritoneum
lines inside of abdominal cavity
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Where is the peritoneal cavity
between visceral and parietal peritoneum
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What is serosa
The thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
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What are the four layers of the alimentary canal
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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What layer is the mucosa
the innermost layer
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What does the mucosa do
secrets enzymes and mucus
absorption of nutrients
protects from infections
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What are the layers of mucosa
epithelium - lines lumen
lamina propria - supplies blood, nerves, MALT
muscularis mucosa - helps digestion/absorption
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What layer is the submucosa
the second layer
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What is the histology of the submucosal layer
areolar C.T; contains blood, nerves, lymph
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What layer is the muscularis externa
second most outer layer; Histology is Smooth muscle
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What layer is the serosa
outermost layer; protects and supplies with blood
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Mucosa (Picture)
B
B
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Submucosa (Picture)
C
C
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Muscularis externa (Picture)
D
D
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Serosa (Picture)
E
E
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What is splanchnic circulation?
includes arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve digestive organs and the hepatic portal circulation
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How much of cardiac output does splanchnic circulation receive
25%, and more after eating
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What is the nervous supply for the digestive system
Enteric nervous system
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What is the function of lips and cheeks
keep food between teeth
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What is the gross anatomy of the mouth
Oral cavity, Lips, Cheeks, Hard/Soft palate, Tongue
Parotid/Sublingual/Submandibular salivary glands
Teeth, Pharynx, Esophagus
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Which palate is hard
The anterior
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Which palate is soft
The posterior
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What is the function of the palates
create a barrier to keep food from entering the nasal cavity/ nasopharynx
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What is a bolus
ball of food
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Parotid salivary gland (Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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Sublingual salivary gland (Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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Submandibular salivary gland (Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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What is the function of saliva
Dissolves food for tasting, moistens food, contains amylase/lipase/lysozyme
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How much saliva is produced per day?
1.5 liters
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What is Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugar
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what is lipase
enzyme that breaks down lipids
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What is lysozyme
enzyme that kills bacteria
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what promotes salivation
Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
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How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
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How many permanent teeth are there?
32
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Incisors (Picture)
A, used for cutting
A, used for cutting
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canines (Picture)
B, used for piercing/tearing
B, used for piercing/tearing
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premolars [bicuspids] (Picture)
C, grinding
C, grinding
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Molars (Picture)
D, grinding
D, grinding
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What is the inner histology of the esophagus
Stratified Squamous epithelium
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Cardiac sphincter (Picture)
C
C
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pyloric sphincter (Picture)
A
A
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What are the function of the stomach
Storage, mechanical breakdown, initial digestion
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How much does the stomach hold
50 ml empty
4 L full
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What do mucous neck cells secrete?
acidic mucus
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What do parietal cells secrete?
HCl and intrinsic factor
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What does intrinsic factor do?
absorbs vitamin B12
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What does HCl do in the stomach?
Kills microbes
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What type of gland cells are in the stomach
Mucous Neck cells
Parietal Cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells
goblet
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What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen and Lipases
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What does pepsinogen do?
becomes pepsin in acid
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What does pepsin do?
breaks down proteins
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What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?
hormones/molecules to help digestion
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What is the mucosal barrier?
The physical defense of the stomach lining that prevent self-digestion. Bicarbonate rich mucus and tight junctions between epithelial cells
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How do ulcers form?
when Helicobacter pylori destroys mucus
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How much gastric juice is produced per day?
3 L
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What is the cephalic phase?
Smell, sight, and though of food triggers gastric secretions
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What is the gastric phase?
When food reaches stomach, dramatically increases secretions
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What is the intestinal phase?
As food enters duodenum
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What is the alkaline tide?
Blood pH increases leaving stomach due to H_ ions entering stomach causing HCO3- ions to enter the blood
Blood becomes basic
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What is chyme
a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
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How does food enter the duodenum
The pyloric sphincter squirts 3 ml of chyme
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What supplies the liver with blood
The Hepatic Artery=Ox blood from Aorta
Hepatic Portal Vein=Nutrient rich blood from GI
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Where does bile leave the liver from
common hepatic duct
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What forms the bile duct?
common hepatic duct and cystic duct
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What WBC cleans blood within the liver
Hepatic Macrophages
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What cells are arranged in lobules in the liver
Hepatocytes
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What are hepatocytes
functional cells of the liver
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What do hepatocytes do?
Produce bile, detoxify blood, store vitamins, and process nutrients
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What is bile
fat emulsifier, made of bile salts and phospholipids
alkaline
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What is Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
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What is cirrhosis?
a chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of tissue. It is typically a result of alcoholism or hepatitis.
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Hepatic duct (Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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common bile duct (Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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What is the common bile duct
duct where exocrine secretions from the liver, pancreas and gall bladder enter the small intestine
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Portal triad (Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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Portal triad (Slide Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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Hepatic vein (Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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Liver lobules (SLide Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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Lobule central vein (Slide Picture)
knowt flashcard image
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Gall bladder (Picture)
D
D
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What is the function of the gallbladder
bile storage and release
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What causes gallstones?
too much cholesterol or too few bile salts
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How much pancreatic juice is produced per day?
1.5 L
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What enzymes makes up pancreatic juice
Proteases [Tripsin, Carboxypeptidase, Chymotrypsin]
Amylase
Lipase
Nucleases
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What converts trypsinogen to trypsin?
enteropeptidase from duodenum
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What does trypsin activate?
chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
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What does trypsinogen activate into
Trypsion
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What is the order of sections in the small intestine
Duodenum (25 cm)
Jejunum (2.5 m)
Ileum (3.6 m)
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What is the function of villi and microvilli
increase surface area for absorption
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What are intestinal crypts
They are pits between intestinal villa that contain cells that make intestinal juice
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What are the secreationatory cells within the small intestine
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cells
Duodenal Glands
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What are enterocytes?
basic epithelium cells, intestinal absorptive cells
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What are enteroendocrine cells?
hormones and paracrine messengers that aid in digestion activity
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What are paneth cells?
They are located at the base of the crypts and produce antibiotic peptides and proteins.