clusters of people where there is close, face-to-face intimate interaction (i.e. close friends)
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Secondary Groups
members are rarely in contact with each other (i.e. trade union)
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Planned Groups
specifically formed for a purpose- either by members or an external individual, group, or organization (i.e. city council)
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Emergent Groups
form spontaneously where people find themselves together in the same place, or where the same group of people gradually get to know each other
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Soloman Asch Experiment
a subject changed their answers to questions they were given along with 6 actors, and were asked to answer a question after the actors purposely give the wrong answer
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Group Unanimity
groups that are in total agreement exert pressure to conform
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Group Attractiveness
more attractive the group is to its members, the more likely the members are to conform
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Public vs. Private Response
when members express views in front of others, they are more likely to conform
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Nature of the Task
tasks or questions that are vague or subjective are easier for people to conform to
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Groupthink
when group members have such a strong desire to reach an agreement they lose their ability to critically examine other alternatives
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Illusion of Invulnerability
creating excessive optimism and encouraging members to take extreme risks
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Collective Efforts to Rationalize
in order to discount warnings which might lead the members to reconsider their assumptions
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**Belief in the Group’s Inherent Morality**
members ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions
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Stereotyped Views of Enemy Leaders
as too evil to warrant genuine attempts to negotiate or as too weak and stupid to counter whatever risky attempts are made to defeat their purposes
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Direct Pressure
any member who expresses strong arguments, illusions, or stereotypes
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Self-Censorship
suppressing one’s contrasting views because the group “cannot” be wrong
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Shared Illusion of Unanimity
concerning judgements conforming to majority view
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Self-Appointed Mind Guards
members of the group that protect the rest from information that contradicts their overall beliefs
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True Mobiles
people who access internet in public specifically to avoid social situations
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Placemakers
people who access the internet in public to create social interactions
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Social Shield
a device or object used to avoid interactions with others
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Informal Justice System
a system of social pressure to control behaviour
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Formal Justice System
includes things such as codified laws, courts, judges, lawyers, police, and formal punishment
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Prejudice
a usually negative prejudgement about a specific group
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Learned Theory
learned behaviours acquired through socialization
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Competition Theory
key reason some people come to district other groups is because of economic competition
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Aggression Theory
people are constantly looking to put the blame on others for their shortcomings
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Ignorance Theory
when we refuse to learn about another cultural group or befriend someone of another culture, we remain unaware of how other cultures function
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Discrimination
an action which is unfair treatment
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Structural Functionalism
belief that a society is stable when social institutions meet needs of citizens
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Conflict Theory
suggests competition between different groups for power
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Feminist Sociology
sociologists examining gender inequality
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Symbolic Interaction
studies human interaction at micro level
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Social Institutions: Families
helps society members replace themselves, provides protection for next generation
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Social Institutions: Families Current Issues
family violence/domestic abuse, primary socialization & prejudice
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Economic Institutions
help societies members meet physical needs
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Economic Institutions Current Issues
pandemic job loss, inflation
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Political Institutions
assist society in decision making, empowers individuals
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Political Institutions Current Issues
homelessness, police brutality
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Education Institutions
organize the way society passes on its culture, knowledge and values from one education to another
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Education Institutions Current Issues
impact of online schooling, impact of phone use
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Religious Institutions
helps people find an ultimate purpose in life, aid in developing spiritual side of society
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Religious Institutions Current Issues
are people losing faith/religion? pandemic impact on religion
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Social Stratification
system by which society categorizes people and ranks them in a hierarchy
Studied by 33 people
