2 - Ethical Considerations

Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists

Psychologists in the Philippines adhere to the following _________________ that was adopted unanimously by the General Assembly of the International Union of Psychological Science in Berlin on July 22, 2008 and by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Applied Psychology in Berlin on July 26, 2008.

• Rights and Dignity of Participants

• Informed Consent to Research

• Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images

• Research Participation of Client, Students and Subordinates

• Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research

• Offering Inducements for Research Participation

• Deception

• Debriefing

• Observational Research

• Reporting Research Results

• Plagiarism

• Publication Credit

• Duplicate Publication of Data

• Sharing Research Data for Verification

• Reviewers

• Limitations of the Study

Ethical Standards and Procedures in Specific Functions: (16)

Rights and Dignity of Participants

In all aspects, we respect the rights, safeguard the dignity, and protect and promote the welfare of research participants.

Rights and Dignity of Participants

• mores, culture, social structure, customs, & traditions

Before beginning any research work in a community not our own or not familiar to us, we obtain essential information about their _______,_____,______,______&_______

Rights and Dignity of Participants

• cultural expectations

We respect and abide by their _____________, provided that this does not contravene any of the ethical principles of this Code of Ethics.

Rights and Dignity of Participants

• international humanitarian law

We do not contribute nor engage in research which contravenes _______ _______ ___, such as development of methods intended to torture persons, development of prohibited weapons, or destruction of the environment

Potential harm

It is our duty to ask participants about any factors that could bring forth _________.

possible risks

To ensure that participants’ rights are protected, we seek independent and sufficient ethical review of the __________ our research may pose to them

Informed Consent

is one of the founding principles of research ethics

Informed Consent

Its intent is that human participants can enter research freely (voluntarily) with full information about what it means for them to take part, and that they give consent before they enter the research

willingness

We recognize that informed consent happens due to the _________ of the participants to work collaboratively with us.

language/dialect the participants understand

We make sure that the consent form is translated in _____________________

• them

• their parents/legal guardian

When we conduct research with persons below 18 years of age, we obtain informed consent from:

• adult family members

• Approval from independent advisors

When we conduct research with adult participants who have difficulties in comprehension or communication, we obtain informed consent from:

Special circumstances which could affect the latter’s ability to give informed consent

When we conduct research with detained persons, we pay attention to:

• Purpose of research

• Mutual responsibilities

• Right to decline/participate

• Foreseeable consequence of declining

• How to Rescind consent

• Foreseeable factors that may influence their willingness

• Prospective research benefits

• Protection & Limits of confidentiality

• Incentives

• Whom to contact for questions about the Research

When obtaining informed consent as required in section III. J. of this Code of Ethics, it is our duty to inform research participants about: (10)

• Experimental nature of the treatment

• Services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate;

• Means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made;

• Available treatment alternatives

• Compensation for or monetary costs of participating

When conducting intervention research using experimental treatments, it is our duty to clarify to participants at the beginning of research the following:

Longitudinal research

In ___________, we may need to obtain informed consent on more than one occasion

• the research consists only of naturalistic observations in public places, and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm

• the research design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing

It is our duty to obtain informed consent from research participants before recording their voices or images for data collection, except when:

• We do not coerce them to participate

• Inform them about their right not to participate

• Do not reprimand or penalize

When we conduct research with our clients, students or subordinates, we do not _____ _____________, rather, we ________________ and we do not _________or________ them for doing so

equitable alternative activities

When research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, we inform our clients, students or subordinates about ______ _________ ________ that could fulfill their educational or employment goals.

• Research would not distress or create harm to participants

• Mandated by law / an instution regulation

We may dispense informed consent only on the following conditions:

• Study of normal educational practices

• Anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observation, archival research

• Study of factors related to job/organization effectiveness

Dispense informed consent, When we believe that the research would not distress or create harm to participants or general welfare or when our study involves:

time, energy, & knowledge,

We may fairly compensate participants for the use of their ____, ______, and _________, unless such compensation is refused in advance.

undue, excessive, inappropriate reward

We make reasonable efforts not to offer ____, ______ or, ____________, financial or other inducements for research participation

risks, obligations, & limitations

When we offer psychological and professional services as an incentive for research participation, it is our duty to clarify the nature of the services, including the _____, _______ and ___________

• use of deceptive techniques is justified (by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, medical, or applied value)

• when effective non-deceptive alternative procedures are not possible

We refrain from conducting research involving deception, except:

reasonably expected to interfere their decision to give informed consent.

We do not deceive prospective research participants about our study that is:

Not withheld

We ensure that level of risk, discomfort, or inconvenience that could cause physical pain or severe emotional distress is _________ from the participants.

integral feature of design

It is our duty to explain any deception as an ______ _______ __ ______ and conduct of an experiment to those who participated in research as soon as possible

Debrief

We _______ by informing the participants that they have contributed to the body of knowledge and we make sure that they have also learned from their participation.

Debrief

We give participants an opportunity to obtain the nature, results, and conclusions of the research.

reestablish trust and assure them

When participants’ trust may have been lost due to incomplete disclosure or temporarily leading participants to believe that the research had a different purpose

• we seek to __________________ that the research procedures were carefully structured and necessary for scientifically valid findings.

reduce the risk of harm

If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, we take reasonable measures to:

correct & minimize the harm

When we become aware that our research procedures have harmed a participant, we act to:

respect and grant their request

If after debriefing, the participants decided to withdraw their data, we shall:

Observational research

We respect the privacy and psychological well-being of persons studied based on ______________.

• This method is acceptable only when those being observed would expect to be observed by strangers

consult with groups, organizations/communities

Whenever feasible and appropriate, we _______________________ being studied the findings of our research so as to increase the accuracy of interpretation and to minimize the risk of misunderstanding, misinterpretation or misuse.

Vulnerable groups/communities

We are cautious when reporting results of our research regarding _______ ________ and we ensure that the results will not be misinterpreted or misused in the development of social policy, attitude, and practices.

Children

In research involving ______, we are cautious when discussing the results with parents, legal guardians, or teachers and we make sure that there is no misinterpretation or misunderstanding.

fabricate

We do not ________ data.

act quickly to correct such errors

If we discover significant errors in our published data, we __________________ in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means.

Plagiarism

We do not present any portions of other’s work or data as our own, even if the source is cited occasionally

Credit

We take responsibility and credit only for work we have actually done

• ______ others for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed.

if we do not have substantial contributions

We do not claim credit or authorship in a publication that is substantially based on our student’s thesis or dissertation _________________ to the research beyond our regular duties as thesis/dissertation mentor or advisor

multiple-authored article

In a __________ _____ that is partly and/or substantially based on the student’s thesis or dissertation, we shall give appropriate publication credit to the student based on the student’s contribution relative to the other authors.

primary authorship

When the article is mainly based on the student’s thesis or dissertation, we credit the student with ______________

True

TRUE OR FALSE

We do not publish data that have been previously published and claim them as original data. However, this does not prohibit republishing of data as long as proper acknowledgement is clearly stated.

• latter obtain prior written agreement for the use of data

• intend to use the data solely for the purpose declared

• will hold responsibility for costs associated with the release of data

It is our duty to share and not to withhold our data to other competent professionals, who seek to verify and reanalyze the research results and substantive claims of our publication, provided that:

seek permission from concerned institution/organization

Unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude such release, then the latter should: ____________

Review

When we _____ material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal review, we respect the confidentiality and the proprietary rights of those who submitted it.

Limits

In cases wherein our research touches on social policies and structures of communities which we do not belong, we thoroughly discuss the _____ of our data with respect to their social policy

disconfirming evidence

We do not conceal __________ ______ about our findings and views and we acknowledge alternative hypotheses and explanations.

• Identification of the Researcher

• Sponsoring institution

• How the participants were selected

• Purpose of the research

• Benefits for participating

• Level and Type of participant involvement

• Risks to the participant

• Confidentiality to the participant

• Assurance that the participant can Withdraw at any time

• Names of persons to contact if questions arise

Elements of an Informed Consent Form: