Studied by 24 people
What is Christianity?
The founder was Jesus, their holy book is the holy bible, and they are monotheistic. Believed in the father, son, and the holy spirit.
What is Hinduism?
Their founder is the Indo-Aryan people, their holy book is The vedas, and they are polytheistic.
What is Islam?
The founder was the prophet Muhammad, their holy book is the Quran, they are monotheistic. Prays to mecca 5 times a day.
What is Judaism?
The founder was Abraham, their holy book is the old testament, they are monotheistic.
What is Buddhism?
The founder was Sidddhartha Gautama. Kharma and Dharma.
What does monotheistic mean?
Belief in one God
What does polytheistic mean?
Belief in many gods
What is the Paleolithic Age?
Old Stone Age, people are nomadic, ice age
What is the Neolithic Age?
Occurs after the Neolithic Revolution: shift from hunting & gathering to systematic agriculture (growing food on a regular basis) & domestication of animals (adapting them for human use). The New Stone Age.
What is the signifigance of hammurabi's code?
It created punishments for crimes. First laws ever.
What is autocracy?
a system of government by one person with absolute power.
What is a democracy?
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Where does indirect democracy come from?
Rome
Where does direct democracy come from?
Greece
What is a republic?
Representative democracy: we elect officials that make decisions for us
Who is Constantine?
Emperor of Rome who made Christianity legal
What was the effect of the scientific revolution on how people viwed the world?
Evidence and observations were used to form conclusions, not faith.
What is meant by the term absolute monarch and what effect did the absolute monarchs have on their countries?
A royal who has all power, all blame was on them and all good came from them.
How did philosophers of the enlightenment influence political thinking on people?
People now believed that they should participate in government(have a voice).
How did the enlightenment promote revolution in the american colonies?
The enlightenment inspired the founding fathers of the United States.
What were the political, social, and economic consequences of the enlightenment?
People wanted rights, people want the economy to benefit them and not the government, the inidvidual matters more.
How did ideas of the enlightenment contribute to causing the french revolution?
Enlightenment philosophers caused people to believe that they should have rights and to have a voice in their government.
What is the Tabula rasa theory. How does this differ from divine right?
Tabula rasa is that everyone is born on a blank slate and they earn their power and position. Divine right is the belief that your power and position was a gift from god.
What did Hobbes believe in?
Hobbes believed people were selfish.
What did Locke believe?
He believed Life, Libery and Property through the social contract, the pursuit of happiness.
What did Rosseau believe in?
Rosseau believed in Dirrect democracy, popular sovereignty.
What did Voltaire believe?
Freedom of speech and religion.
What did Montesquieu believe?
Separation of powers: executive, legislative, judicial. Checks and balances.
What did Beccaria believe in?
Law existed to preserve social order and abolishing capital punishment.
What did Adam Smith believe?
Created Wealth of nations, Capitalism, laizzes-faire.
What is individualism?
the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant. People matter, we're not sheep and herd.
What is the Renaissance?
revival of Greek and Roman culture and creativity during the 1400-1500s.
What is Humanism?
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements, Human beings should be celebrated for their achievements.
Who is Gutenberg?
He is a german inventor who created the printing press.
What is the Magna Carta?
an English document that limited the powers of King John, made in 1215.
What is Secularism?
separation of church and state, non-religious views.
What was the Reformation?
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches due to the catholic church selling indulgences. After Martin Luther began spreading the movement ot reform the Catholic Church, many people followed it and created many other branches of Chirstianity.
Who is Martin Luther?
A german monk who was a leader of the Reformation, created the lutheran church.
What is absolutism?
a system of government in which a ruler holds total power.
What is divine right?
Belief that a rulers/kings authority comes directly from god.
What is Parliament?
A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation. The british legislature.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
Bloodless overthrow of King James II, William and Mary become head royals of England.
What is the English Bill of Rights?
The English bill of rights was a written list of freedoms and rights that a government promises to protect. came to form the glorious revolution.
What was the social contract?
The government is allowed to have authority by the people and if power is used wrongly people have control to overthrow them.
What is popular sovereignty?
the idea that the authority of government comes from the people, rule by the people
What are inalienable rights?
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, rights the people are born with, these rights cannot be taken away.
what is the Seperation of Powers and Checks and Balances?
The system between the 3 branches of government that gives each individual powers and the ability to check the powers of the other branches. U.S. system.
What is the scientific method?
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
Causes of the Enlightenment...
Reformation, Renaissance, Science Revolution.
Where did the Enlightenment begin?
Paris, France
What caused the enlightenment to occur?
people wanted to discover the natural laws which governed the universe led to scientific, political and social advances
What problems existed in pre-revolutionary France?
ineffective king, inflation, social inequality, and debt, Throughout the 18th century, France faced a mounting economic crisis. A rapidly growing population had outpaced the food supply. A severe winter in 1788 resulted in famine and widespread starvation in the countryside. Rising prices in Paris brought bread riots.
Causes of the French Revolution
Rising Bread Prices, debt, war, social class system, unfair taxes, ideas of the enlightenment.
Why was Napoleon defeated?
The Continental System, The Peninsula War, The Invasion of Russia(Scorched/Torched Earth Theory)
Results of the French Revolution...
Formation of the National Assembly, end of the reign of Louis XVI, Storming of the Bastille, Napoleon's rule.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Brought Stability back to Europe.
What were the causes and consequences to The Revolutions in Europe and South America during the 1800s?
Napoleons invasion Spain weakened Spain which cause Grann Colombia to want independence from Spain as it had become more powerful. The French Revolution caused Colonies to believe they could revolt and win rights too.
What were Napoleon's three mistakes?
Continental System, Peninsular War, Invasion of Russia(Scorched/Torched Earth Theory)
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. Its purpose was to redraw the continent's political monarchial map after the defeat of Napoleonic France the previous spring.
When _________________ invaded Spain and Portugal, their colonial empires were weakened and a series of revolts led to independence.
France(Napoleon's wars).
What is the estates system?
Frances three estate system, The first was the clergy, second was the nobles, third was the rest
Causes of the French Revolution...
Rising Bread Prices, debt, war, social class system, unfair taxes, ideas of the enlightenment.
What is the Estates General?
Meeting of all 3 states in France
Why was the Estates General called?
Because France was in a financial crisis from the war, lavish spending and the drought
How did voting work in the Estates General?
One vote was cast for each state
Who was Louis XIV?
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France. Strong ruler.
Who was Louis XVI?
absolute ruler of France before the French Revolution. Bad King. Weak King.
Who is Marie Antoinette?
Austrian princess who married to King Louis XVI and they tried to flee to Austria but they were caught at the border and were put to death by guillotine. Liked to spend money.
What is the National Assembly?
a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people. First congress
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
What was the Bastille?
French prison that got raided for gunpowder
What was the great fear?
Peasant rebellions became part of the vast panic a.k.a. the great fear. The peasants reacted by breaking into the houses of the Lords to destroy the records of their obligations
What was the Women's March on Versailles?
When women stormed the Palace of Versailles and rioted because of there was a lack of bread and it had high prices and people thought they were hoarding it, they forced Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI to move to Paris
What is the DoRoMac?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was inspired by the writings of such Enlightenment thinkers as Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Voltaire. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good. The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Man. These rights are Liberty, Property, Safety and Resistance to Oppression. The U.S. and enlightenment philosophers inspired the DOROMAC.
What is the legislative assembly?
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.
political spectrum (left to right)...
radical, liberal, moderate, conservative, reactionary
Who are the Jacobins?
A radical revolutionary group led by Robespierre
What did the Jacobins want?
Overthrow the monarchy and create a republic. Massive chanegs and total equality for all.
Famous members of the Jacobin.
George Danton. Jean-Paul Marat. Maximillien Robespierre
Who are emigres?
Nobles who fled France during the revolution. Wanted old regime back (reactionary)
Who are the Girondins?
Supported a limited monarchy and wanted only very few changes. They were the people with the most to lose during the french revolution (businessmen).
Who were the sans-culottes?
working-class men and women that pushed for a republic in France by using very extreme/radical methods. Made up of low wage arners and shopkeepers.
What did Robespierre do?
Formed the Committee of Public Safety. Maximilien Robespierre, the architect of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, is overthrown and arrested by the National Convention. As the leading member of the Committee of Public Safety from 1793, Robespierre encouraged the execution, mostly by guillotine, of more than 17,000 enemies of the Revolution.
What was the Reign of Terror?
In France those who were loyal to the King were in constant danger of being beheaded. Members of France's noble class fled to Louisiana.
What was the Directory?
5 men appointed by the legislative body (national convention) to represent France as the executive power
What did Napoleon do?
-Created public schools-Created tax efficient system-Spread revolutionary ideals across europe-Won many wars-crowned himself emperor
Effects of Napoleon's Empire?
Created public schools, Created tax efficient system, Spread revolutionary ideas across Europe, Won many wars, and crowned himself emperor. Represented equality, fraternity and liberty, Spread democratic and liberal ideas all around Europe, Reconstructed chaos into religious tolerance and stayed in a peaceful state, The people had more power than ever before, and Women's rights were taken away. Fair tax system, merit based not family, religious
What was the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all citizens, religious tolerance, and abolition of feudalism. The Napoleonic Code made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children. All male citizens were also granted equal rights under the law and the right to religious dissent, but colonial slavery was reintroduced. Made a stable government.
What is nationalism?
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Recreate the Spanish Caste System (Casta):
Spaniards-Criollos-Mestizos-Mulatos-Zambos-Indigeneous-Africans
Describe how Nationalism applied to the unification of Germany and Italy?
The ideas of Nationalism and Enlightenment also coerced Italy and Germany to become unified. Otto Van Bismarck unified Germany. People became inspired to fight/do anything for their country.
Toussaint L'Ouverture:
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
What did San Martin and Simon Bolivar do?
Led revolts against Spanish oppression in Venezuela and Argentina. George Washington's of South America.
Miguel Hidalgo:
Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions. Inspired Nationalists across the countryside.
Identify four significant changes that Meji reformers made in Japan?
Abolished the Feudal System, Ended the Shogun, Wrote a constitution, and set up a representative. Introduced Western Technology
Taiping Rebellion Causes and Consequences:
Causes: Pushing for Christian values, equality, Consequences: Thousands dead
Boxer rebellion Causes and consequences:
Causes: Push out Europeans, Consequences: Xing Dynasty defeats the rebellion
Chinese Republican Revolution causes and consequences:
Causes: Push for a republic in China, Consequences: Xing Dynasty defeats the revolution
Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England?
Brittain had good geography, the climate was suitable for textile production, and plenty of natural resources such as iron and coal; separating from the European continent kept it away from war. The government encouraged internal trade, allowed people to relocate, the government built canals and roads. British society was less rigid than other European countries. Brittain's colonial empire supplied raw materials for manufactured goods and provided trade and a market for goods.
Why did the spread of industrialism to Europe accelerate colonialism and imperialism?
the Industrial Revolution increased the production capacity of Western states astronomically, there was an enormous hunger for raw materials to satisfy demands. Thus, the Western powers sought colonies where raw materials were abundant and where they could be appropriated at little to no cost.
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