Gender + Sexuality Exam 2

institution

persistent pattern of social interaction aimed at meeting a need of a society that can’t easily be met by individuals alone

Norms

Beliefs and practices that are well known, widely followed, and culturally approved

Policies

Explicit and codified expectations, often with stated consequences for deviance

gendered institution

which gender is used as an organizing principle

gender saliance

relevances of gender across contexts, activities, and spaces. rises and falls across the different parts of institutional landscapes

Sorting

splitting of genders in sports teams

Is something is institutionalized what does that mean?

they are produced and reproduced by the routine functioning of our institutions

feminine apologetic

points to a womans performance of femininity to soothe others concerns about her appropriation of masculinity by performing conventional feminine sexual attractiveness

pariah femininities

ways of being a woman that by virtue of directly challenging mens dominance are widely and aggressively policed (slut, prude, hag, spinster, dyke, etc.)

benevolent sexism

attribution of positive traits to women that justify a woman’s subordination to mend

hostile sexism

use of harassment, threats, and violence to enforce womens subservience to men

aggrieved entitlement

anger over something men feel they rightfully own or deserve that is being unjustly taken or withheld from them

misogyny

fear and hatred of women with power

victim blaming

identifying something done by a victim as a cause of their victimization

emphasize femininity

an exaggerated form of femininity "oriented to accommodating the interests and desires of men"

emphatic samness

a strategy by which women try to be "just one of the guys"

gender equivocation

the use of both emphasized femininity and emphatic sameness when they're useful and culturally expected

double blind

a situation in which cultural expectations are contradictory

feminism

a. the belief that all men and women should have equal rights and opportunities

matrix of domination

a structure in which multiple hierarchies intersect to create a pyramid of privilege, leaving on top only those people who are advantaged in every hierarchy

stalled revolution

a sweeping change in gender relations that is stuck halfway through (ex: gay revolution)

what are the 3 main things women are harmed by

1. Sexism. 2. Androcentrism 3. subordination

patriarchy

Literally, "the rule of the father." A constructed social hierarchy that places men at the top. In the US, this has generally also meant land-owning white men

androcentrism

An (implicit or explicit) belief that masculine qualities are superior to feminine qualities

bechdel test

A check as to whether a movie has even a single scene in which two named female characters talk to one another about something other than a man.

hegomonic masculinity

Idealized masculine performance that seeks to encode or justify gender inequality. A masculine archetype that embodies the social construction of masculinity as superior. It also works to minimize negative traits associated with masculinity.

patriarchal bargain

Agreeing to the hierarchy of patriarchy, which disadvantages both men and women, in return for some protection or status based on your positionality within the hierarchy. Men will be subordinate to more masculine or high-status men in exchange for power over women; women will accept subordination to men in exchange for power over younger or lower-status women

toxic masculinity

a. masculinity that is harmful to self and others

agrarian

a type of society in which the invention of agriculture—the cultivation of domesticated crops—allows groups to put down roots

industrial economy

an economy dependent on the production of material goods intended for the market

wage

money gained from working in places like factories, mines, and shops that belong to others

commodification

the process by which goods transition from something a family provided for itself into something bought with a wage

comodify

a. a thing that can be bought and sold

gendered love/sex binary

a. a projection of the gender binary onto the ideas of love and sex

sexual double standard

different rules for the sexual behavior of men and women

good girl/bad girl dichotomy

the idea that women who behave themselves sexually are worthy of respect and women who don't are not

treating

a. a practice in which a man funds a woman's night on the town

smashing

a. a term used to describe having a same-sex crush

patriarch/property marriage

a model of marriage in which a woman was entered into a marriage by her father, who owned her until he "gave her away" at the wedding

family wage

an income paid to a man that is large enough to support a home, a wife, and children

breadwinner/housewife marriage

a model of marriage that did not legally subordinate wives to husbands but continued to define the rights and responsibilities of husbands and wives differently; women owed men domestic services and men were legally required to support their wives financially

separate spheres

a. the idea of a masculinized work world and a feminized home life

cult of domesticity

the notion that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace the work of making a loving home

reproduction

a. the making and nurturing of human beings

production

a. making goods for sale

going steady

a. the practice of an often short-lived, but still exclusive, public pairing off

marriage bans

a. policies against employing married women

protective legislation

a. policies designed to protect women from exploitation by restricting their workplace participation

service and information economy

an economy dependent on jobs focused on providing services for others or working with ideas

monogamy

the open practice and encouragement of long-term intimate relationships with only one person

polyamory

a. long-term intimate relationships with more than one partner at a time

open relationships

a. long-term relationships that allow sexual but not romantic encounters with others

blended families

a. families consisting of partnered adults with at least one child from a previous relationship

partnership marriage

a model of marriage based on love and companionship between two equals who negotiate a division of labor unique to their relationship

hookup culture

an environment in which casual sexual contact is held up as ideal, encouraged with rules for interaction, and institutionalized

mononormative

a. designed on the assumption that everyone is monogamous

coital imperative

the idea that any fully sexually active couple must be having penile-vaginal intercourse (also known as "coitus") and any fully completed sexual activity will include it

orgasm gap

a phenomenon in which women who have sex with men report fewer orgasms than men who have sex with women

heterosexual male gaze

a way of looking at society from the perspective of a hypothetical heterosexual man

sexual subjectification

the process by which people are told what their internal thoughts and feelings should be

sexual objectification

a. the reduction of a person to their sex appeal

self objectification

spectating

a. watching one's sexual performance from the outside

erotic marketplace

a. an intersectional ranking of people according to their perceived sexual desirability

mascing

advertising one's masculine traits and concealing one's feminine traits in an effort to appease others' preferences for masculine men

sexual script

advertising one's masculine traits and concealing one's feminine traits in an effort to appease others' preferences for masculine men

push and resist dynamic

a situation in which it is normal for men to press sexual activity consistently in the direction of increasing intimacy (whether he wants to or not) and for women to stop or slow down the accelerating intimacy when he's going "too far" (whether she wants to or not)

rape culture

an environment that justifies, naturalizes, and even glorifies sexual pressure, coercion, and violence

disability

social construction that tends to ignore other identities (the way people are responded to by society)

impairment

a. individuals particular type of difficulty or difference

ableism

individual and institutional biases that deny critical resources to differently-abled bodies

additive

total influence on disadvantages is best stated by combining experiences with disadvantage

inuring

total influence on disadvantages do not get worse beyond one form of discrimination

maltiplicative

total influence on disadvantages is best stated by compounding experiences with disadvantage. Experiences with disadvantage are greater than the sum of their parts

himpathy

describe the outsize sympathy often granted to violent men—a phenomenon observed especially when the man in question is well known or otherwise powerful

exculpatory chauvinism

negative characteristics ascribed to men are offered as acceptable justification for men's dominance over women

gender stratifcation

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

second shift

the double burden- work outside the home followed by child care and houseworkthat many women face and few men share equitably

glass ceiling

a. the invisible ceiling that prevents women from climbing the hierarchy

title IX

a. requires that institutions that receive federal funding cannot legally prefer men

feminism

the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities

feminine apologetic

a requirement that omen balance masculine trait and activities with conventional femininity is known as