Kazery A&P Test 2

Osteoclasts (purpose)

secretes acids and protein-digesting enzymes, regulates calcium in your blood, and assists in remodeling

Bone classification (6)

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural

Long bones (shape and ex)

shaft: humerus, femur, phalanges

Short bones (shape and ex)

cube-like: tarsals and carpals

Flat bones (shape and ex)

plate-like: ribs, scapula, cranial bones

Irregular bones (examples)

vertebrae and facial bones

Sesamoid bones (shape and ex)

round and nodular: in joints, patella

Sutural bones (another name and purpose)

wormian bones, binds

Parts of a bone (12)

epiphysis, diaphysis, processes, foramen, fossa, sulcus, fissure, trochlea, trochanter, facet, spine, ramus

Epiphysis

knobby end, covered with cartilage for articulation

Diaphysis

shaft

processes

bony projections

foramen

openings

Sulcus

small groove

fissure

deep groove

trochlea

cylindrical pully

Trochanter

large, rough projection (ligaments attach to it)

Facet

flat, smooth surface

Spine

pointy process

Ramus

bone with a 90 degree angle

Bone tissue (2)

spongy and compact

Spongy bone

inside of epiphysis, branching bony plates called trabeculae

Compact bone

external wall of bone, continuous matrix with no gaps

Bone layers (4)

periosteum, endosteum, bone tissue, medullary cavity

Periosteum

lines outside of bone: isolates, routes, and growth (dense CT and cellular layer)

Endosteum

lines inside of bone: growth (cellular layer)

Bone tissue

spongy or compact

Medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Two types of medullary cavity

Red and yellow

Red medullary cavity

produces blood cells

Yellow medullary cavity

fat storage

Cell types found in bone tissue (4)

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts (purpose)

produces bone matrix (deposits osteoid, followed by calcium and phosphate)

Osteocytes (purpose)

recycles protein and minerals of matrix, remodels to adapt

fossa

deep pit or depression

Osteogenic cells (other names)

mesenchymal cells, osteoprogenitor cells, stem cells

Osteogenic cells (purpose)

maintains osteoblasts

Osteon (Haversian system)

structural unit of compact bone

lacunae

tiny holes containing osteocytes from osteoblasts

Osteocytes (structure)

bone cells connected by gap junctions

Central canals (Harversian canals)

contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)

transverse connections of central canals

Canaliculi

small canals, gap junctions

Trabeculae of spongy bone (purpose)

adds strength and minimizes weight

Trabeculae of spongy bone (structure)

osteocytes and no canal system

Two types of bone growth/ossification

intramembranous and endochondral

Intramembranous ossification (where?)

develops in membranes of connective tissue

In intramembranous ossification, what do undifferentiated cells become?

osteoblasts

In intramembranous ossification, what becomes trapped?

Blood vessels

In intramembranous ossification, what forms around the blood vessels?

Spongy bone

In intramembranous ossification, how is compact bone formed?

matrix builds and isolates osteoblasts, which are now termed osteocytes, into lacunae

In intramembranous ossification, which type of cells cluster to form osteoblasts?

mesenchymal cells

In intramembranous ossification, what happens in the periosteum?

Outer mesenchymes condense and the surface osteoblasts become less active

endochondral ossification (where?)

develops in rod-shaped cartilage

In endochondral ossification, what happens to mesenchymes

they become chondroblasts

In endochondral ossification, what happens to chondrocytes

they die as the matrix breaks down, then calcify

Factors that affect bone growth, development, and repair

Nutrition, hormones, and exercise

What nutrients affecting bone growth?

vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A

Vitamin D

absorbs calcium

vitamin C

collagen production

Vitamin A

bone cell activity

What hormones affect bone growth?

human growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyroxine, calcitonin, sex hormones

acromegaly

thickening of jaw and hand bones

hypertrophy

build up of calcium

Major bone functions (4)

support and protection, body movement, blood cell formation, inorganic salt storage

How do bones support and protect the body?

hold up weight, protect vital organs (ribs and cranium), attachments and framework

How do bones help in body movement

bones act as levers

How do bones make blood cells?

red marrow in bones produces blood cells (hematopoiesis)

What inorganic salts are stored in bones? (8)

Beneficial- calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium
Harmful- lead, radium, stratum

Number of bones in the body

206

Number of bones in a baby

260-270

Divisions of skeleton

axial and appendicular

How many axial bones in the body?

80

Examples of axial bones

skull, backbone, ribcage

How many appendicular bones in the body?

126

Examples of appendicular bones

shoulders, arms, hips, legs

Difference between male and female pelvis

female= smoother, lighter, iliac is more flared, larger pelvic inlet and outlet, larger pubic angle, less curvature of sacrum/coccyx

two layers of the integumentary system (cutaneous system)

epidermis and dermis

Epidermis (qualities)

outermost layer, keratinized, stratified squamous ET

Dermis (qualities)

Innermost layer, ET, CT, MT, NT

Subcutaneous layer (type of tissue)

adipose

thin epidermis (qualities)

covers most of your body, 4 strata, .1 mm thick

thick epidermis (qualities)

palms of your hands and soles of your feet, 5 strata, .5 mm thick

Name the layers of the epidermis (5)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Stratum corneum (qualities)

dead epithelium filled with keratin, 15-30 layers of densely packed keratinocytes, tough and water-resistant, shed or washed away

Stratum lucidum (qualities)

translucent, only in soles and palms, dehydrating and dead

Stratum granulosum (qualities)

3-5 layers of flattened granular cells filled with keratin, proteins bind keratin in bundles, release lipid mixture to coat membrane

Stratum spinosum (qualities)

many layers of rounded cells with large nuclei (desmosomes), making keratin filaments and flattening, dendritic cells (white blood cells)

Stratum basale (qualities)

single row of mitosing cuboidal cells and melanocytes, along with Merkel cells/tactile discs

Function of epidermis (6)

excretes, produces, maintains body temp, detects, stores, protects

Epidermis excretion (4)

water, urea, salt, other wastes

Epidermis produces (3)

melanin, vitamin D, keratin

How does the epidermis maintain body temp?

evaporative cooling and insulation

Epidermis detection (4)

touch, pressure, temp, pain

Epidermis storage (1)

fats

Epidermis protection (3)

Moisture loss, injury, against microorganisms and chemicals

What is the purpose of epidermal ridges and dermal papilla? (3)

resists slippage between both layers, finger prints increase friction, and allows for increase sensitivity for touch receptors

Pigments in the epidermis (3)

hemoglobin, carotene, and melanin

Epidermis hemoglobin (purpose)

blood supply, carries oxygen

Epidermis carotene (purpose)

diet