sociological 12/6/22

sociologist say

social structure

a network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction

status

a socially defined position in a group or in a society

role

the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status

ascribed status

a status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control. Age, sex, family heritage, and race are examples of ascribed statuses

achieved status

a status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability

master status

the status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity

role set

different roles attached to a single status

role confict

a situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another status

role strain

a situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single status

role exit

the process that people go through to detach from a role that has been central to their self-identity

social institutions

a system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society

exchange

an individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions

reciporcity

the idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return

exchange theory

a theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with others

competition

interaction that occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain

conflict

a situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another status

cooperation

interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people

accommodation

a state of balance between cooperation and conflict

group

a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity

subsistence strategies

ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members

pre-industrial society

a type of society in which food production—carried out through the use of human and animal labor—is the main economic activity

division of labor

the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities

barter

the practice of exchanging one good for another

industrial society

a type of society in which food production—carried out through the use of human and animal labor—is the main economic activity

post industrial society

a type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services

mechanical society

the close-knit social relationships common in preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks

organic solidarity

impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization

gemeinschaft

societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close, and activities center on the family and the community

gesellschaft

societies in which social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion, relationships are impersonal and temporary, and individual goals are more important than group goals

dyad

a group with two members

triad

a group of three people

formal group

a group in which the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined

informal group

a group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conduct

primary group

a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis

secondary group

a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature

reference group

any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt

in-group

a group that an individual belongs to and identifies with

out-group

any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with

electronic community

a group made up of people who interact with one another regularly through the Internet or other forms of electronic communication

social network

the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people

leaders

people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others

formal organization

a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals

bureaucracy

a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures

rationality

the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control

voluntary association

a nonprofit association formed to pursue some common interest

alienation

the feeling of powerlessness in, and disassociation from, social situations

iron law of oligarchy

a tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people

List 5 most common forms of interaction?

exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation