APES combined air unit

What is the atmosphere's composition?

Major gases, each with their own relative abundance. 78% nitrogen, The layers are based on temperature gradients and include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. 21% Oxygen, .1% Argon

Troposphere

0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases, pressure decreases upwards)

Stratosphere

2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.

Mesosphere

The layer of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere (temp and pressure decrease upwards)

thermosphere

The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases

exosphere

The outer layer of the thermosphere, extending outward into space.

What causes atmospheric convection?

Convection currents are created in the Earth's atmosphere as the sun heats the gases, causing them to rise. Theses gases cool as they rise high into the atmosphere and travel back down towards the ground to get heated again.

What are the internal and external influences on the atmosphere?

Amount of sun, earth's tilt, volcanic activity

What is a tricellular model? How does it affect Earth’s weather?

How does atmospheric circulation affect biome distribution on the plant?

The movement of air masses and prevailing winds influence factors such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity, which are crucial for the formation and maintenance of different biomes. For example, the Hadley cell circulation creates tropical rainforests near the equator, while the Ferrel and Polar cells contribute to the formation of temperate and polar biomes respectively. These circulation patterns also affect ocean currents, further influencing biome distribution.

how does topography influence the tricellular model?

Topography refers to Earth's physical features like mountains, valleys, and plateaus. In the tricellular model, topography affects global atmospheric circulation. Mountains can block or redirect air flow, disrupting circulation patterns and changing atmospheric pressure systems. Topographic features also impact the movement of air masses, causing variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. Ultimately, topography shapes the circulation patterns in the tricellular model.

what is the rainshadow effect?

The rainshadow effect is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when moist air is forced to rise over a mountain range, causing it to cool and condense, resulting in precipitation on the windward side of the mountains. As the air descends on the leeward side, it becomes warmer and drier, creating a "shadow" of reduced rainfall and arid conditions.

what happens to solar energy as it hits the earth?

Solar energy is absorbed, reflected, or transmitted when it hits the Earth's surface.

What happens to heat that is re-radiated as radiation?

Heat is re-radiated as electromagnetic waves, which can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted by objects. The outcome determines if the environment warms or if the heat is converted into other energy forms.

What is the angle of insolation?

The angle of insolation is the angle at which the Sun's rays hit the Earth's surface. It changes throughout the day and year due to the Earth's tilt and orbit. This angle impacts the intensity and distribution of solar energy, affecting climate and biome distribution.

What is the greenhouse effect? what gases cause it?

The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun, leading to a warming of the planet's surface. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).

What is albedo and its effects on climate?

Albedo refers to the reflectivity of a surface. It affects climate by influencing the amount of solar radiation absorbed or reflected by Earth. Surfaces with high albedo, like ice and snow, reflect more sunlight back into space, cooling the planet. Conversely, surfaces with low albedo, such as dark forests or asphalt, absorb more sunlight, leading to warming. Changes in albedo can disrupt the balance of energy in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

What effects does the ocean have on local and global climates?

It acts as a heat reservoir, absorbing and storing vast amounts of solar energy. Through ocean currents, it redistributes this heat, influencing nearby land areas. Additionally, the ocean releases moisture into the atmosphere through evaporation, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. This process helps regulate temperature and humidity, impacting local weather patterns. On a global scale, the ocean's immense size and thermal inertia moderate climate extremes, acting as a buffer against rapid temperature changes.

What causes surface currents?

Surface currents are primarily caused by the combined effects of wind, Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect), and the shape of the ocean basins.

What causes the thermohaline circulation?

The thermohaline effect is primarily caused by differences in temperature and salinity. When warm water from the equator meets cold water from the poles, it creates a temperature gradient. Additionally, variations in salinity levels, due to evaporation and precipitation, create a salinity gradient. These combined gradients drive the thermohaline circulation, also known as the ocean conveyor belt, which plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate by redistributing heat and nutrients throughout the global ocean.

distinguish between high pressure and low pressure systems

High pressure systems are characterized by descending air, resulting in clear skies, fair weather, and clockwise winds in the Northern Hemisphere. Low pressure systems, on the other hand, involve ascending air, leading to cloudy skies, precipitation, and counterclockwise winds in the Northern Hemisphere. High pressure systems are associated with stable atmospheric conditions, while low pressure systems indicate unstable conditions.

distinguish between cold and warm fronts

Cold fronts occur when a cold air mass displaces a warm air mass, leading to abrupt weather changes. Warm fronts, on the other hand, occur when a warm air mass replaces a cold air mass, resulting in gradual weather changes.

what is el nino and its causes and effects?

El Niño is a climate phenomenon characterized by abnormal warming of the Pacific Ocean. It is caused by weakened trade winds and a shift in atmospheric pressure. The effects of El Niño include altered weather patterns worldwide, such as increased rainfall in some areas and droughts in others. It can lead to severe storms, floods, and heatwaves, impacting agriculture, fisheries, and economies globally.

what are VOCs?

VOCs, or Volatile Organic Compounds, are harmful gases emitted from various products and materials. They can be found in paints, cleaning supplies, furniture, and even building materials. VOCs contribute to indoor air pollution and can cause health issues like respiratory problems and headaches.

Primary pollutants

SOx, NOx, rocks (particulates), VOCs, CO, lead “Rocks, SOx, NOx, and VOCs COoperate to lead to pollution”

Secondary pollutants

Tropospheric ozone (O3), photochemical smog, acid rain

what is particulate matter?

Particulate matter refers to tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. These particles can vary in size and composition, and are often categorized based on their diameter. i.e. dust, dirt, soot, or smoke

What is sick building syndrome?

Sick building syndrome refers to a condition where occupants of a building experience various health issues due to poor indoor air quality. Symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, respiratory problems, and irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat. The syndrome is often linked to inadequate ventilation, chemical pollutants, mold, or other factors that negatively impact the building's environment.

what is asbestos and why is it dangerous?

• Asbestos:

  • A group of naturally occurring minerals

  • Used in construction and manufacturing industries

  • Known for its heat resistance and durability

  • Consists of thin, microscopic fibers

• Why is it dangerous:

  • Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious health issues

  • Linked to lung diseases, including lung cancer and mesothelioma

  • Long latency period before symptoms appear

  • No safe level of exposure to asbestos

what is radon and why is it dangerous?

• Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless radioactive gas.

• It is formed from the natural decay of uranium in soil, rock, and water.

• Radon can enter homes through cracks in the foundation, gaps in floors, and gaps around pipes.

• Prolonged exposure to high levels of radon can increase the risk of lung cancer.

• Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for thousands of deaths each year.

• Testing for radon levels in homes is crucial to identify and mitigate potential health risks.

what is carbon monoxide and why is it a problem?

• Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas.

• It is produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.

• CO binds to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport in the blood.

• Exposure to high levels of CO can lead to headaches, dizziness, and even death.

• It is a major contributor to indoor air pollution and a common cause of poisoning.

• Sources include vehicle exhaust, faulty heating systems, and tobacco smoke.

what is noise pollution and its effects

• Definition: Noise pollution refers to excessive or disturbing noise that disrupts the natural environment or daily activities.

• Effects:

  • Health: Can lead to hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular issues.

  • Communication: Interferes with verbal communication, causing misunderstandings and reduced productivity.

  • Environment: Disrupts animal behavior, migration patterns, and ecological balance.

  • Quality of Life: Reduces overall well-being, affects concentration, and hampers relaxation.

  • Education: Impairs learning and academic performance, especially in noisy classrooms.

  • Workplace: Decreases productivity, increases errors, and causes job dissatisfaction.

what is the difference between tropospheric and stratospheric ozone?

Tropospheric ozone is a harmful pollutant found near the Earth's surface, contributing to smog and respiratory issues. Stratospheric ozone, on the other hand, is beneficial as it forms a protective layer in the upper atmosphere, shielding us from harmful UV radiation.

What is occurring to the ozone in the stratosphere?

The ozone in the stratosphere is depleting due to the release of harmful chemicals called ozone-depleting substances (ODS), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). These substances are released from human activities like industrial processes and the use of aerosol sprays. ODS molecules break down ozone molecules, leading to the thinning of the ozone layer. This depletion allows more harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun to reach the Earth's surface, posing risks to human health, ecosystems, and the environment.

What are the effects of less stratospheric ozone on living organisms and the environment?

• Increased exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation

• Skin cancer and eye damage in humans

• Reduced crop yields and damage to aquatic ecosystems

• Disruption of marine food chains and coral bleaching

• Weakening of the immune system in animals

• Negative impacts on phytoplankton and primary productivity

• Increased risk of genetic mutations and birth defects

• Potential harm to amphibians and other sensitive species

What are CFCs and how are they harmful to the environment?

• CFCs: Chlorofluorocarbons

• Synthetic compounds containing chlorine, fluorine, and carbon

• Used in aerosol propellants, refrigerants, and foam-blowing agents

• Harmful to the environment due to ozone depletion

• CFCs break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere

• Ozone depletion leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface

• UV radiation harms human health, damages ecosystems, and affects climate

• Montreal Protocol (1987) phased out CFC production to protect the ozone layer

What is the Montreal protocol

The Montreal Protocol is an international environmental treaty established in 1987. Its main objective is to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of substances that deplete it, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances.

how does tropospheric ozone form

Tropospheric ozone forms when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight. This process, known as photochemical reaction, occurs due to emissions from vehicles, industrial activities, and natural sources like wildfires.

When does most tropospheric ozone form during the year?

Most tropospheric ozone forms during the summer months when sunlight and high temperatures facilitate the chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from human activities, such as vehicle emissions and industrial processes.

how does concentration of tropospheric ozone change throughout the day?

what are the health effects of tropospheric ozone?

Tropospheric ozone can cause various health issues. It irritates the respiratory system, leading to coughing, throat irritation, and shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure can worsen asthma and other respiratory conditions. Ozone can also inflame and damage lung tissue, making individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections. Additionally, it can trigger chest pain, headaches, and reduce lung function. Long-term exposure may even contribute to the development of chronic respiratory diseases. It is crucial to minimize exposure to tropospheric ozone to safeguard our health.

what is photochemical smog?

Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution formed by the reaction of sunlight with pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. It is characterized by a brownish haze and can cause respiratory problems, eye irritation, and damage to plants.

what causes thermal inversion?

Thermal inversion is caused by the trapping of warm air above cooler air, resulting in a reversal of the normal atmospheric temperature gradient. This phenomenon occurs when a layer of cool air is trapped beneath a layer of warm air, preventing vertical mixing. Factors such as calm winds, clear skies, and the presence of a stable air mass contribute to the formation of thermal inversions. Industrial pollution and geographical features like mountains can also enhance the occurrence of thermal inversions by acting as barriers to air movement.

What areas are most likely to experience thermal inversions?

Mountain valleys and urban areas with high pollution levels are most likely to experience thermal inversions.

how can we reduce the level of photochemical smog?

Implementing measures such as reducing vehicle emissions, promoting public transportation, using cleaner energy sources, and controlling industrial pollution can help reduce the level of photochemical smog.

what is acid deposition?

Acid deposition refers to the process where acidic pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are released into the atmosphere and then deposited onto the Earth's surface through rain, snow, fog, or dry particles. This can have harmful effects on ecosystems, including the acidification of lakes, rivers, and soils, and damage to plants, animals, and infrastructure.

what is the pH of a normal rainfall?

The pH of a normal rainfall is around 5.6, making it slightly acidic.

why is the pH of rainfall acidic?

The pH of rainfall is acidic due to the presence of natural and man-made pollutants in the atmosphere. These pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, combine with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid, resulting in acidic rainfall.

how has acid rain changed the US in the last two decades?

• Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels.

• Acid rain can damage forests, lakes, and buildings.

• In the last two decades, the US has made significant progress in reducing acid rain through regulations and cleaner technologies.

• The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 played a crucial role in reducing acid rain.

• Acid rain levels have decreased, leading to improved water quality and healthier ecosystems.

• Acid rain still remains a concern in certain regions, particularly in the Northeastern US.

• Continued efforts are needed to further reduce acid rain and its impacts on the environment.

how can acid deposition be reduced?

Acid deposition can be reduced by implementing measures such as using cleaner fuels, implementing stricter emission controls on industries, reducing vehicle emissions, and promoting renewable energy sources. Additionally, implementing international agreements and regulations to limit pollutant emissions can also help in reducing acid deposition.

what are ecosystems that are more affected by acid deposition than others?

Forests, lakes, and streams are ecosystems that are more affected by acid deposition than others.

what role do lichen play in air pollution?

Lichen act as bioindicators for air pollution. They absorb pollutants from the air, such as sulfur dioxide and heavy metals, which can harm their growth and survival. By monitoring the health of lichen populations, scientists can assess the level of air pollution in an area. Lichen's sensitivity to pollution makes them valuable in studying air quality and the impact of human activities on the environment.