Human Anatomy Unit 1

Define Anatomy

the study of the structure of body parts and thier relationships to one another

What levels does anatomy cover of the human body?

*chemical level

*cellular level

*tissue level

*organ level

*organ system level

*organismal level

What are type of anatomic study?

microscopic, gross, developmental/embryology, surface, systemic, and regional

Define microscopic anatomy

Examines the body structures that cant be seen by the naked eye

cytology

study of single body cells and thier internal structures

histology

study of tissues, examining how groups of specialized cells and thier products function for a common purpose

gross anatomy

“macroscopic anatomy” that examines the structures and relationships of large body parts visible to naked eye

What are subdivisions of gross anatomy?

developmental, embryology, surface, regional, systemic

define developmental anatomy

examines changes in structure within an individual from conception to maturity

define embryology

examines developmental changes occurring prior to birth

define surface anatomy

examines both superficial and anatomical body markings & internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them

define systemic anatomy

investigates the gross anatomy of each organ system in the body

define regional anatomy

examines the relationships of all structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit

what are some examples of regional anatomy?

all bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves in a particular limb

what is the universal reference point when looking at a body?

anatomical position

what does anatomical position mean?

body erect, face forward, upper limbs at side, palms forward, lower limbs parallel, feet forward

prone

position of body lying face down

supine

position of body lying face up

sagittal

any vertical plane cutting the body into left and right

median/midsagittal

a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right

frontal/coronal

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse/horizontal

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

bilateral

occurring on both left and right sides

unilateral

occurring on only one side

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opposite sides of body

proximal

closer to beginning of limb or point of reference

distal

farther from the beginning of the limb or point of reference

Regional terms: Head & Neck

frontal (forehead), occipital (back of skull), auricular (ear), orbital (eye socket), buccal (cheek), mental (chin), cervical (neck)

Regional terms: Trunk

sternal (breastbone), pectoral (chest), axillary (armpit), inguinal (groin), lumbar (lower back), sacral (base of spine)

Regional terms: upper limb

Brachial (upper arm), antecubital (front of elbow), olecranal (back of elbow), antebrachial (forearm), carpal (wrist), palmar (palm), dorsum (back of hand), digital (fingers)

Regional terms: lower limb

coxal (hip), gluteal (buttock), femoral (thigh), patellar (kneecap), popliteal (back of knee), crural (lower leg), tarsal (ankle), calcaneal (heel), plantar (sole of foot)

histology

the study of tissues examining how groups of specialized cells and thier products function for a common purpose

methods of microscopic anatomy

light microscope, stains

4 basic tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands

squamous cell

flat cell, flat oval nucleus, wider than tall

cuboidal cell

cube cell, round nucleus, equal length width and height

columnar cell

tall cell, tall oval nucleus, taller than wide

connective tissue

underlies and supports other tissues, structurally and functionally

loose connective tissue

fewer fibers, more ground substance

dense connective tissue

more fibers, less ground substance

nervous tissue

receives, transmits, and integrates information from outside and inside the body, composed of neurons and neurological cells