unit 2 apush

joint stock company

• used by colonial explorers to raise money

• private companies sold shares to investors

• investors took a risk of losing money if the expedition failed, but they would be paid based on the profits

French Colonization in the New World

• french colonies existed from the north of Quebec to New Orleans and the Ohio River Valley

• Native American usually still controlled these areas

• the French were more diplomatic with Natives than the English or the Spanish

Dutch Colonization in the New World

• English explorer Henry Hudson was commissioned by the Dutch to find a Northwest passage, but he reported the vast amounts of resources in America

• The Dutch West India Company was created to develop Dutch colonies in North America, which worked more like trading posts than settlements

• New Amsterdam was one of these colonies that became a center for trade

New World Fur Trade

• The fur trade attracted colonists and traders who would reach agreements with Native Americans

• The fur trade caused conflict between Native American groups because the Natives would expand their territories in order to gain access to more fur

Mercantilism

• An economic philosophy that was based on the idea that the world’s wealth is limited

• The goal of mercantilist nations was to export more than they imported

• This would lead to more wealth (precious metals) which would translate to economic and military strength

• Colonies served their home country by providing raw materials

types of British colonies in the New World

• Charter colonies: Colonists were members of a corporation. Based on a charter, electors in the colonists would have power in the government

• Royal colony: The governor was selected by the king

• Proprietary colony: Proprietors (the owners with direct responsibility to the king) selected the governors of the colony

Jamestown

• A charter colony created by the Virginia Company

• Because of its swampy location, Jamestown was riddled with disease and contaminated water

• Also had hostile relationships with the nearby Natives

Starving time

• A period of starvation the Jamestown colonists endured because of conflicts with the Native Americans.

• The colonists depended on Natives for food

• Many colonists died and some attempted to return to England

Indentured Servitude

• Many poor workers were brought to the Americas in exchange for a few years of labor

• The indentured servants volunteered for the work but had very little control over their work so they were often mistreated

• Indentured servitude was the predominant system of labor until the 1670s

Headright system

• promised colonists parcels of lands to immigrate to America

• this system gave the colonists 50 acres of land per servant they brought with them, so the Headright system helped solidify indentured servitude

• Used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists

Characteristics of New England Colonies

• puritans were the first colonists of New England

• New England: Modern day New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut

• Puritans were motivated to immigrate by religious reasons rather than economic ones

• Wanted permanent communities

• Plymouth was the first sizable New England colony

English Puritanism

• A movement to reform the Church of England

• Puritans rejected the Roman Catholic influences in the Church of England and wanted to purify church

• they held calvinists beliefs

• The American ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and intellectualism were influenced by puritanism

Characteristics of the Chesapeake Region and Middle Colonies

• Agriculture and exportation helped the middle colonies and the Chesapeake Bay colonies become permanent settlements

• Middle colonies: Present day New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

• Chesapeake Bay colonies: Maryland and Virginia

Characteristics of the colonies of the Deep South and the Caribbean

• the Deep South colonies were present day North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

• Barbados was the most profitable colony due to the sugar cane being grown through plantation labor

• This would influence slave labor in the South

House of Burgesses

• the first representative house in America was the House of Burgesses, which was a representative assembly in Virginia.

• The House of Burgesses had procedures similar to Parliament, enforced the private owning of land, and maintained the rights of the colonists

The separatists and Plymouth

• Unlike Puritans, separatists believed the Church of England couldn’t be reformed, and instead wanted to break away entirely

• A group of separatists travelled on the Mayflower as pilgrims and established the Plymouth Colony

• Created the Mayflower Contract, which established government based on majority rules

Dutch West India Company

• A joint stock company that ran the colonies of Fort Orange and New Amsterdam

• Engaged in the fur trade with the Native Iroquois

• Created the patron system, where men were given large estates if they brought at least 50 families to tend the land

Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Bay Company

• a joint stock company created by a group of Puritans fleeing from King James I

• Led by John Winthrop who believed colonies should be models of Christian society

• These puritans carefully planned their voyage and did not have a “starving time”

Delaware

• the first settlement in Delaware was established by Dutch patrons and destroyed by Native Americans

• The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen traded in Delaware until it was taken over by the English

• Delaware had its own assembly and shared a governor with Pennsylvania until the American Revolution

Maryland

• First colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics

• George Calvent applied for the charter to create Maryland and his son Cecilius established Maryland’s representative assembly

• Maryland passed the Act of Toleration of 1649, which promoted the toleration of Christians of the colony

Chickasaw Wars

• involved the Chickasaw people (British allied) and the Choctaw & Illini people (French allied)

• the conflict started after the French were denied trade and control of the Mississippi by the Chickasaw

• The Chickasaw won

Anne Hutchinson

• Anne Hutchinson believed she got special revelations from god that went against Puritan beliefs

• after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Hutchinson and her followers founded Portsmouth in modern day Rhode Island

Rhode Island

• Fled from Massachusetts as his beliefs became too extreme for the colonists

• Founded providence in modern day Rhode Island

• This colony had religious toleration

Navigation Acts

• Dictated some goods could only be shipped to Britain or other new world ports

• these acts were based in mercantilism and were meant to benefit the whole empire, however some colonies benefited more than others

• these acts led to tension between the colonies and Britain

Connecticut

• Created by Thomas Hooker and other Puritans who had religious disagreements with Massachusetts leaders

• The Connecticut Colony created the Fundamental Orders, laws that provided representable government

The Carolinas

• Created when King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with land after the Puritan revolution

• Grew slowly due to small success with crops

• Many colonists used harsh slavery

• North Carolina separated in 1712

New York and New Jersey

• The land between New England and Maryland were given to King Charles’ brother James after the British conquered them from the Dutch

• James, Duke of York, reluctantly let the colonies have self government, but later took this away when he became king

Bacon’s Rebellion

• William Berkeley, Virginia’s Royal governor was running the colony, for Britain’s benefit

• Nathaniel Bacon and his group of frontiersmen (included former indentured servants) were angry about that and Berkeley’s failure to protect frontiersmen from Native attacks

• Bacon’s rebellion occurred when Bacon and his group rebelled and set fire to Jamestown

African Slaves in the 1600s

• Begun at the same level as indentured servants due to their low population

• increased importation of African slaves began later in the century

• Slaves were soon seen as property and their sttaus was passed down to their children

Slave codes

• Laws that limited enslaved people’s rights.

• Prohibited enslaved people from:

  • owning weapons

  • getting an education

  • meeting with other enslaved people or African Americans without permission

  • testifying against white people in court

  • & allowed slave owners to use whatever type of punishment/control measures they wanted

John Locke and Natural Law

• a significant British philosopher during the Enlightenment

• John Locke believed that people had the right ti overthrow the government if it did not uphold the people’s rights of life, liberty, and property

• This belief influence the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence

Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)

• In the Triangular Trade, African Slaves were purchased in Europe or imported from Asian countries, then transported to the Caribbean (in horrible conditions) and then sold for commodities (sugar cotton, etc.)

• These commodities were then sold by european merchants in Europe and North America

New Hampshire

• Established as a royal colony, the early settlers of New Hampshire took advantage of the local fisheries

• This colony was economically dependent on Massachusetts

• New Hampshire created a temporary constitution that declared independence from Britain before the Declaration of Independence was signed

Quakers

• Believed religious institutions were unnecessary

• Believed they received revelations from god

• were pacifists

• opposed slavery and believed in decent treatment of Native Americans

Pennsylvania

• Founded by William Penn as a refugee for other Quakers

• Penn offered land, religious freedom, and representative assembly

Dominion of New England

• Created by the King James II this organization oversaw the colonies in the New England Region

• Edmund Andros (Governor in Chief of the Dominion) banned town meetings, tried to convert people to the Church of England, and tried to argue people’s title to colonial land

• These actions made the Dominion unpopular

Salutary Neglect

• the relationship the British had with the colonies, where the British ignored the colonies, allowing them to self rule.

• Britain followed Salutary Neglect because it was difficult to control an empire across the sea and Britain didn’t want to disrupt the trade with the colonies

Georgia

• Chartered by English Philanthropist and solder, James Oglethorpe. Many settlers paid to receive land grants. Georgia often served as a buffer between South Carolina and Florida (held by the Spanish).

John Peter Zenger

• German American newspaper publisher and printer

• Zinger’s case of libel where he was acquitted set a legal precedent for the freedom of the press

First Great Awakening

• Series of emotional religious revivals that were most significant in New England

• The First Great Awakening’s message of personal repentance, faith, and equality between God and the Bible was spread by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards

French and Indian War

• A conflict that occurred between France, Britain, and Native Americans over land in Ohio

• The French and Indian War was part of the world-wide conflict: The Seven Years Wars.

• George Washington’s 1st war as a military leader

• The war ended because of the Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment spread the ideas of reason over faith, natural talent over, inherited privilege, and intellectualism

• Significant figures of the Enlightenment: Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Rene Descartes

Republicanism

• In the early days of the US, it was decied that the country would be a republic

• Some believed a republic should u the common goof and civic future first, while others (inspired by Adam Smith) believed a republic should uphold economic freedom and allow people to pursue their self-interest