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joint stock company
used by colonial explorers to raise money
private companies sold shares to investors
investors took a risk of losing money if the expedition failed, but they would be paid based on the profits
French Colonization in the New World
french colonies existed from the north of Quebec to New Orleans and the Ohio River Valley
Native American usually still controlled these areas
the French were more diplomatic with Natives than the English or the Spanish
Dutch Colonization in the New World
English explorer Henry Hudson was commissioned by the Dutch to find a Northwest passage, but he reported the vast amounts of resources in America
The Dutch West India Company was created to develop Dutch colonies in North America, which worked more like trading posts than settlements
New Amsterdam was one of these colonies that became a center for trade
New World Fur Trade
The fur trade attracted colonists and traders who would reach agreements with Native Americans
The fur trade caused conflict between Native American groups because the Natives would expand their territories in order to gain access to more fur
Mercantilism
An economic philosophy that was based on the idea that the world’s wealth is limited
The goal of mercantilist nations was to export more than they imported
This would lead to more wealth (precious metals) which would translate to economic and military strength
Colonies served their home country by providing raw materials
types of British colonies in the New World
Charter colonies: Colonists were members of a corporation. Based on a charter, electors in the colonists would have power in the government
Royal colony: The governor was selected by the king
Proprietary colony: Proprietors (the owners with direct responsibility to the king) selected the governors of the colony
Jamestown
A charter colony created by the Virginia Company
Because of its swampy location, Jamestown was riddled with disease and contaminated water
Also had hostile relationships with the nearby Natives
Starving time
A period of starvation the Jamestown colonists endured because of conflicts with the Native Americans.
The colonists depended on Natives for food
Many colonists died and some attempted to return to England
Indentured Servitude
Many poor workers were brought to the Americas in exchange for a few years of labor
The indentured servants volunteered for the work but had very little control over their work so they were often mistreated
Indentured servitude was the predominant system of labor until the 1670s
Headright system
promised colonists parcels of lands to immigrate to America
this system gave the colonists 50 acres of land per servant they brought with them, so the Headright system helped solidify indentured servitude
Used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists
Characteristics of New England Colonies
puritans were the first colonists of New England
New England: Modern day New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
Puritans were motivated to immigrate by religious reasons rather than economic ones
Wanted permanent communities
Plymouth was the first sizable New England colony
English Puritanism
A movement to reform the Church of England
Puritans rejected the Roman Catholic influences in the Church of England and wanted to purify church
they held calvinists beliefs
The American ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and intellectualism were influenced by puritanism
Characteristics of the Chesapeake Region and Middle Colonies
Agriculture and exportation helped the middle colonies and the Chesapeake Bay colonies become permanent settlements
Middle colonies: Present day New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
Chesapeake Bay colonies: Maryland and Virginia
Characteristics of the colonies of the Deep South and the Caribbean
the Deep South colonies were present day North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
Barbados was the most profitable colony due to the sugar cane being grown through plantation labor
This would influence slave labor in the South
House of Burgesses
the first representative house in America was the House of Burgesses, which was a representative assembly in Virginia.
The House of Burgesses had procedures similar to Parliament, enforced the private owning of land, and maintained the rights of the colonists
The separatists and Plymouth
Unlike Puritans, separatists believed the Church of England couldn’t be reformed, and instead wanted to break away entirely
A group of separatists travelled on the Mayflower as pilgrims and established the Plymouth Colony
Created the Mayflower Contract, which established government based on majority rules
Dutch West India Company
A joint stock company that ran the colonies of Fort Orange and New Amsterdam
Engaged in the fur trade with the Native Iroquois
Created the patron system, where men were given large estates if they brought at least 50 families to tend the land
Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Bay Company
a joint stock company created by a group of Puritans fleeing from King James I
Led by John Winthrop who believed colonies should be models of Christian society
These puritans carefully planned their voyage and did not have a “starving time”
Delaware
the first settlement in Delaware was established by Dutch patrons and destroyed by Native Americans
The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen traded in Delaware until it was taken over by the English
Delaware had its own assembly and shared a governor with Pennsylvania until the American Revolution
Maryland
First colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics
George Calvent applied for the charter to create Maryland and his son Cecilius established Maryland’s representative assembly
Maryland passed the Act of Toleration of 1649, which promoted the toleration of Christians of the colony
Chickasaw Wars
involved the Chickasaw people (British allied) and the Choctaw & Illini people (French allied)
the conflict started after the French were denied trade and control of the Mississippi by the Chickasaw
The Chickasaw won
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson believed she got special revelations from god that went against Puritan beliefs
after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Hutchinson and her followers founded Portsmouth in modern day Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Fled from Massachusetts as his beliefs became too extreme for the colonists
Founded providence in modern day Rhode Island
This colony had religious toleration
Navigation Acts
Dictated some goods could only be shipped to Britain or other new world ports
these acts were based in mercantilism and were meant to benefit the whole empire, however some colonies benefited more than others
these acts led to tension between the colonies and Britain
Connecticut
Created by Thomas Hooker and other Puritans who had religious disagreements with Massachusetts leaders
The Connecticut Colony created the Fundamental Orders, laws that provided representable government
The Carolinas
Created when King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with land after the Puritan revolution
Grew slowly due to small success with crops
Many colonists used harsh slavery
North Carolina separated in 1712
New York and New Jersey
The land between New England and Maryland were given to King Charles’ brother James after the British conquered them from the Dutch
James, Duke of York, reluctantly let the colonies have self government, but later took this away when he became king
Bacon’s Rebellion
William Berkeley, Virginia’s Royal governor was running the colony, for Britain’s benefit
Nathaniel Bacon and his group of frontiersmen (included former indentured servants) were angry about that and Berkeley’s failure to protect frontiersmen from Native attacks
Bacon’s rebellion occurred when Bacon and his group rebelled and set fire to Jamestown
African Slaves in the 1600s
Begun at the same level as indentured servants due to their low population
increased importation of African slaves began later in the century
Slaves were soon seen as property and their sttaus was passed down to their children
Slave codes
Laws that limited enslaved people’s rights.
Prohibited enslaved people from:
owning weapons
getting an education
meeting with other enslaved people or African Americans without permission
testifying against white people in court
& allowed slave owners to use whatever type of punishment/control measures they wanted
John Locke and Natural Law
a significant British philosopher during the Enlightenment
John Locke believed that people had the right ti overthrow the government if it did not uphold the people’s rights of life, liberty, and property
This belief influence the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence
Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)
In the Triangular Trade, African Slaves were purchased in Europe or imported from Asian countries, then transported to the Caribbean (in horrible conditions) and then sold for commodities (sugar cotton, etc.)
These commodities were then sold by european merchants in Europe and North America
New Hampshire
Established as a royal colony, the early settlers of New Hampshire took advantage of the local fisheries
This colony was economically dependent on Massachusetts
New Hampshire created a temporary constitution that declared independence from Britain before the Declaration of Independence was signed
Quakers
Believed religious institutions were unnecessary
Believed they received revelations from god
were pacifists
opposed slavery and believed in decent treatment of Native Americans
Pennsylvania
Founded by William Penn as a refugee for other Quakers
Penn offered land, religious freedom, and representative assembly
Dominion of New England
Created by the King James II this organization oversaw the colonies in the New England Region
Edmund Andros (Governor in Chief of the Dominion) banned town meetings, tried to convert people to the Church of England, and tried to argue people’s title to colonial land
These actions made the Dominion unpopular
Salutary Neglect
the relationship the British had with the colonies, where the British ignored the colonies, allowing them to self rule.
Britain followed Salutary Neglect because it was difficult to control an empire across the sea and Britain didn’t want to disrupt the trade with the colonies
Georgia
Chartered by English Philanthropist and solder, James Oglethorpe. Many settlers paid to receive land grants. Georgia often served as a buffer between South Carolina and Florida (held by the Spanish).
John Peter Zenger
German American newspaper publisher and printer
Zinger’s case of libel where he was acquitted set a legal precedent for the freedom of the press
First Great Awakening
Series of emotional religious revivals that were most significant in New England
The First Great Awakening’s message of personal repentance, faith, and equality between God and the Bible was spread by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards
French and Indian War
A conflict that occurred between France, Britain, and Native Americans over land in Ohio
The French and Indian War was part of the world-wide conflict: The Seven Years Wars.
George Washington’s 1st war as a military leader
The war ended because of the Treaty of Paris (1763)
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment spread the ideas of reason over faith, natural talent over, inherited privilege, and intellectualism
Significant figures of the Enlightenment: Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Rene Descartes
Republicanism
In the early days of the US, it was decied that the country would be a republic
Some believed a republic should u the common goof and civic future first, while others (inspired by Adam Smith) believed a republic should uphold economic freedom and allow people to pursue their self-interest