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bio 2
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144 Terms
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passive transport
does not require energy, high to low concentration
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active transport
requires energy, low to high concentration
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simple diffusion
passive transport, moves small non-polar things
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facilitated diffusion
passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins
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osmosis
movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane
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Hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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active transport example
sodium potassium pump
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All cells have
genetic material, plasma membrane & cytoplasm
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Nucleiod
prokaryotic genetic material which is not membrane bound & has circular chromosomes
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Nucleus
eukaryotic genetic material which is membrane bound and has linear chromosomes
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plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
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Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
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Organelle
structures that preform specific tasks
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Cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
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prokaryotic cell wall
peptidoglycan
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prokaryotic ribosomes
70s, synthesizes proteins
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prokaryotic cells
no membrane bound organelles & very small
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plant cells
cell wall, box-like, chloroplasts, no centrioles, central vacuole
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animal cell
no cell wall, round shape, no chloroplasts, centrioles, smaller more numerous vacuoles
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Eukaryotic Nucleus contains
nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus
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nuclear envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
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nuclear pores
opening in envelope, transport into and out of nucleus
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nucleoplasm
Fluid inside the nucleus
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chromatin
DNA-protein complex
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nucleolus
produces ribosomes
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eukaryotic ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, made of protein & rRNA, not membrane bound, 80S
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\
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ER smooth
no ribosomes, makes lipids, stores calcium & detox foreign substance
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ER rough
has ribosomes, modifies proteins into glycoproteins & manufactures membrane
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Golgi
packages proteins
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Lysosome
An organelle containing digestive enzymes, breaks down molecules
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Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
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Vacuoles
used for storage
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Mitochondria
breaks down sugar to make ATP
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crista
a fold of the inner membrane of mitochondria
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matrix
fluid inside the mitochondria (crista)
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chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis, has stroma & granum
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stroma
fluid inside chloroplast
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Granum
stack of thylakoids in membrane of chloroplast
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cytoskeleton in eukaryotes
microfilaments, microtubules, & centrosomes
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Microfilaments
Help the cell move, actin: fibers that can contract
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microtubules
forms the framework, centrioles
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centrosomes
area surrounding centrioles, organizes microtubules
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Centrioles
assist in cell division in animals
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flagella
Whip-like structures that help with cell movement (motor of a boat)
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cilia
hair like structures (oars of a boat)
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first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing
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Endergonic
less complicated to more, building up molecules, putting energy into ex. photosynthesis
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exergonic
more complicated to less, breaks apart molecules, energy is released ex. cell respiration
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activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started, destabilize bonds and initiate a chemical bond
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Catalysts
lower activation energy, speed up production
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enzyme
example of a catalysts, most are proteins
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active site
A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.
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Specificity
ability to bind only one type (or limited \#) of related ligands, charges & shape matter
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affinity
strength with which a ligand binds to its active site (charges)
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saturation
degree to which the number of active sites are occupied
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competition
ability of different molecules to bind to same active site
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ribozymes
RNA molecules that function as enzymes
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Intramolecular catalysis
catalyze reaction on RNA molecule itself
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intermolecular catalysis
RNA acts on another molecule
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inhibitor
substance that binds to enzyme and decreases its activity
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competitive inhibitor
completes with substrate for active site
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non-competitive inhibitor
binds to a site that's not the active site
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allosteric inhibitor
binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity
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allosteric activator
binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity
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Anabolic reactions (anabolism)
expend energy to build up molecules
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Catabolic reactions (catabolism)
harvest energy by breaking down molecules
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Oxidation
loss of electrons
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reduction
gain of electrons
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ATP is made of
Ribosome, adenine, & chain of 3 phosphates
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glycolysis where
cytosol
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glycolysis starts with
glucose
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glycolysis ends with
2 pyruvate, net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH
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The kerb cycle starts with
two Acetyl-CoA
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kerb cycle where
matrix (mitochondria)
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kerb cycle ends with
3 NADH, 3 CO2, 1 ATP & 1 FADH2 (x2 cuz two glucose
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kerb cycle process
moving electrons
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oxidative phosphorylation where
crista of mitochondria
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oxidative phosphorylation start
reduced co enzyme, NADH, FADH2
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oxidative phosphorylation end
per 1 NADH --\> 3 ATP per 1 FADH2 \---\> 2 ATP
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Photosynthesis where
Chloroplast
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Photosynthesis starts with
sunlight & water
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Photosynthesis stage 1
capturing light
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Photosynthesis stage 2
uses energy to form ATP & NADPH, light dependent reactions
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Photosynthesis stage 3
generate glucose, light independent reactions
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light ind. reaction where
stroma of chloroplast
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light ind. reaction starts
carbon dioxide, ATP & NADPH
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light ind. reaction end
3 carbon molecules & glucose
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Mitosis steps
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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prophase
nuclear envelope starts to break down, chromosomes start to condense & mitotic spindle begins to form
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metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle, nuclear envelope is gone
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anaphase
mircotubulers pull sister chromatids apart
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telophase
sister chromatids are at opposite sides of cell, nuclear envelope starts to reform
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interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
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interphase G1
cell grows
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interphase S
DNA replication
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interphase G2
cell continues to grow and prepare for division
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Light dep. starts
water & sun energy
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