Studied by 14 people
passive transport
does not require energy, high to low concentration
active transport
requires energy, low to high concentration
simple diffusion
passive transport, moves small non-polar things
facilitated diffusion
passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins
osmosis
movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane
Hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
active transport example
sodium potassium pump
All cells have
genetic material, plasma membrane & cytoplasm
Nucleiod
prokaryotic genetic material which is not membrane bound & has circular chromosomes
Nucleus
eukaryotic genetic material which is membrane bound and has linear chromosomes
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Organelle
structures that preform specific tasks
Cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
prokaryotic cell wall
peptidoglycan
prokaryotic ribosomes
70s, synthesizes proteins
prokaryotic cells
no membrane bound organelles & very small
plant cells
cell wall, box-like, chloroplasts, no centrioles, central vacuole
animal cell
no cell wall, round shape, no chloroplasts, centrioles, smaller more numerous vacuoles
Eukaryotic Nucleus contains
nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus
nuclear envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
nuclear pores
opening in envelope, transport into and out of nucleus
nucleoplasm
Fluid inside the nucleus
chromatin
DNA-protein complex
nucleolus
produces ribosomes
eukaryotic ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, made of protein & rRNA, not membrane bound, 80S
ER smooth
no ribosomes, makes lipids, stores calcium & detox foreign substance
ER rough
has ribosomes, modifies proteins into glycoproteins & manufactures membrane
Golgi
packages proteins
Lysosome
An organelle containing digestive enzymes, breaks down molecules
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
Vacuoles
used for storage
Mitochondria
breaks down sugar to make ATP
crista
a fold of the inner membrane of mitochondria
matrix
fluid inside the mitochondria (crista)
chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis, has stroma & granum
stroma
fluid inside chloroplast
Granum
stack of thylakoids in membrane of chloroplast
cytoskeleton in eukaryotes
microfilaments, microtubules, & centrosomes
Microfilaments
Help the cell move, actin: fibers that can contract
microtubules
forms the framework, centrioles
centrosomes
area surrounding centrioles, organizes microtubules
Centrioles
assist in cell division in animals
flagella
Whip-like structures that help with cell movement (motor of a boat)
cilia
hair like structures (oars of a boat)
first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing
Endergonic
less complicated to more, building up molecules, putting energy into ex. photosynthesis
exergonic
more complicated to less, breaks apart molecules, energy is released ex. cell respiration
activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started, destabilize bonds and initiate a chemical bond
Catalysts
lower activation energy, speed up production
enzyme
example of a catalysts, most are proteins
active site
A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.
Specificity
ability to bind only one type (or limited #) of related ligands, charges & shape matter
affinity
strength with which a ligand binds to its active site (charges)
saturation
degree to which the number of active sites are occupied
competition
ability of different molecules to bind to same active site
ribozymes
RNA molecules that function as enzymes
Intramolecular catalysis
catalyze reaction on RNA molecule itself
intermolecular catalysis
RNA acts on another molecule
inhibitor
substance that binds to enzyme and decreases its activity
competitive inhibitor
completes with substrate for active site
non-competitive inhibitor
binds to a site that's not the active site
allosteric inhibitor
binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity
allosteric activator
binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity
Anabolic reactions (anabolism)
expend energy to build up molecules
Catabolic reactions (catabolism)
harvest energy by breaking down molecules
Oxidation
loss of electrons
reduction
gain of electrons
ATP is made of
Ribosome, adenine, & chain of 3 phosphates
glycolysis where
cytosol
glycolysis starts with
glucose
glycolysis ends with
2 pyruvate, net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH
The kerb cycle starts with
two Acetyl-CoA
kerb cycle where
matrix (mitochondria)
kerb cycle ends with
3 NADH, 3 CO2, 1 ATP & 1 FADH2 (x2 cuz two glucose
kerb cycle process
moving electrons
oxidative phosphorylation where
crista of mitochondria
oxidative phosphorylation start
reduced co enzyme, NADH, FADH2
oxidative phosphorylation end
per 1 NADH --> 3 ATP per 1 FADH2 ---> 2 ATP
Photosynthesis where
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis starts with
sunlight & water
Photosynthesis stage 1
capturing light
Photosynthesis stage 2
uses energy to form ATP & NADPH, light dependent reactions
Photosynthesis stage 3
generate glucose, light independent reactions
light ind. reaction where
stroma of chloroplast
light ind. reaction starts
carbon dioxide, ATP & NADPH
light ind. reaction end
3 carbon molecules & glucose
Mitosis steps
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase
nuclear envelope starts to break down, chromosomes start to condense & mitotic spindle begins to form
metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle, nuclear envelope is gone
anaphase
mircotubulers pull sister chromatids apart
telophase
sister chromatids are at opposite sides of cell, nuclear envelope starts to reform
interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
interphase G1
cell grows
interphase S
DNA replication
interphase G2
cell continues to grow and prepare for division
Light dep. starts
water & sun energy
Note 
Flashcard (56)