bio 2

passive transport

passive transport

does not require energy, high to low concentration

active transport

requires energy, low to high concentration

simple diffusion

passive transport, moves small non-polar things

facilitated diffusion

passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins

osmosis

movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

active transport example

sodium potassium pump

All cells have

genetic material, plasma membrane & cytoplasm

Nucleiod

prokaryotic genetic material which is not membrane bound & has circular chromosomes

Nucleus

eukaryotic genetic material which is membrane bound and has linear chromosomes

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Organelle

structures that preform specific tasks

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

prokaryotic cell wall

peptidoglycan

prokaryotic ribosomes

70s, synthesizes proteins

prokaryotic cells

no membrane bound organelles & very small

plant cells

cell wall, box-like, chloroplasts, no centrioles, central vacuole

animal cell

no cell wall, round shape, no chloroplasts, centrioles, smaller more numerous vacuoles

Eukaryotic Nucleus contains

nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

nuclear pores

opening in envelope, transport into and out of nucleus

nucleoplasm

Fluid inside the nucleus

chromatin

DNA-protein complex

nucleolus

produces ribosomes

eukaryotic ribosomes

site of protein synthesis, made of protein & rRNA, not membrane bound, 80S

ER smooth

no ribosomes, makes lipids, stores calcium & detox foreign substance

ER rough

has ribosomes, modifies proteins into glycoproteins & manufactures membrane

Golgi

packages proteins

Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes, breaks down molecules

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

Vacuoles

used for storage

Mitochondria

breaks down sugar to make ATP

crista

a fold of the inner membrane of mitochondria

matrix

fluid inside the mitochondria (crista)

chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis, has stroma & granum

stroma

fluid inside chloroplast

Granum

stack of thylakoids in membrane of chloroplast

cytoskeleton in eukaryotes

microfilaments, microtubules, & centrosomes

Microfilaments

Help the cell move, actin: fibers that can contract

microtubules

forms the framework, centrioles

centrosomes

area surrounding centrioles, organizes microtubules

Centrioles

assist in cell division in animals

flagella

Whip-like structures that help with cell movement (motor of a boat)

cilia

hair like structures (oars of a boat)

first law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing

Endergonic

less complicated to more, building up molecules, putting energy into ex. photosynthesis

exergonic

more complicated to less, breaks apart molecules, energy is released ex. cell respiration

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started, destabilize bonds and initiate a chemical bond

Catalysts

lower activation energy, speed up production

enzyme

example of a catalysts, most are proteins

active site

A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.

Specificity

ability to bind only one type (or limited #) of related ligands, charges & shape matter

affinity

strength with which a ligand binds to its active site (charges)

saturation

degree to which the number of active sites are occupied

competition

ability of different molecules to bind to same active site

ribozymes

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

Intramolecular catalysis

catalyze reaction on RNA molecule itself

intermolecular catalysis

RNA acts on another molecule

inhibitor

substance that binds to enzyme and decreases its activity

competitive inhibitor

completes with substrate for active site

non-competitive inhibitor

binds to a site that's not the active site

allosteric inhibitor

binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity

allosteric activator

binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity

Anabolic reactions (anabolism)

expend energy to build up molecules

Catabolic reactions (catabolism)

harvest energy by breaking down molecules

Oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

ATP is made of

Ribosome, adenine, & chain of 3 phosphates

glycolysis where

cytosol

glycolysis starts with

glucose

glycolysis ends with

2 pyruvate, net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH

The kerb cycle starts with

two Acetyl-CoA

kerb cycle where

matrix (mitochondria)

kerb cycle ends with

3 NADH, 3 CO2, 1 ATP & 1 FADH2 (x2 cuz two glucose

kerb cycle process

moving electrons

oxidative phosphorylation where

crista of mitochondria

oxidative phosphorylation start

reduced co enzyme, NADH, FADH2

oxidative phosphorylation end

per 1 NADH --> 3 ATP per 1 FADH2 ---> 2 ATP

Photosynthesis where

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis starts with

sunlight & water

Photosynthesis stage 1

capturing light

Photosynthesis stage 2

uses energy to form ATP & NADPH, light dependent reactions

Photosynthesis stage 3

generate glucose, light independent reactions

light ind. reaction where

stroma of chloroplast

light ind. reaction starts

carbon dioxide, ATP & NADPH

light ind. reaction end

3 carbon molecules & glucose

Mitosis steps

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase

nuclear envelope starts to break down, chromosomes start to condense & mitotic spindle begins to form

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle, nuclear envelope is gone

anaphase

mircotubulers pull sister chromatids apart

telophase

sister chromatids are at opposite sides of cell, nuclear envelope starts to reform

interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

interphase G1

cell grows

interphase S

DNA replication

interphase G2

cell continues to grow and prepare for division

Light dep. starts

water & sun energy