Natural Science Reviewer - Basic Math, Parts & Procedures, Physics Fundamentals

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Basic Math, Parts & Procedures, and Physics Fundamentals based on the provided notes.

Surface area of a cube

Total surface area = 6 × (edge length)^2; for edge s, SA = 6s^2.

Edge (side) of a cube

One of the equal-length sides of a cube; all edges have the same length.

Profit percent

Percentage of profit relative to cost; Profit% = (Selling price − Cost) / Cost × 100.

Cost from selling price and profit

Cost = Selling price / (1 + profit rate). Example: SP = 145.60 with 12% profit yields cost ≈ 129.99.

0.17187 inch drill size equals

0.171875 inches exactly equals 11/64 inch drill size.

Cylinder bore

Internal diameter of a cylinder.

Piston displacement (engine)

Volume moved by the piston per cycle; per cylinder = π × (bore/2)^2 × stroke; total is sum over all cylinders.

Compression ratio

CR = Vb (volume bottom dead center) / Vc (clearance volume at top). It indicates how much the cylinder is compressed.

Square root

A number that, when squared, gives the original number.

Binary to decimal conversion

Converting a binary number to its base-10 equivalent.

Binary 00001111 equals

Binary 00001111 equals decimal 15.

Binary representation of 7 (decimal)

Decimal 7 equals binary 111 (often shown as 0111 in 4-bit form).

Fraction 0.0250 as a fraction

0.0250 equals 1/40.

1/16 as a decimal

1/16 equals 0.0625.

Cube of 64

64 cubed = 262,144.

Scientific notation for 16,300

1.63 × 10^4 equals 16,300.

Bend radius in decimals

31/64 ≈ 0.4844 inches.

Piston displacement in a master cylinder (example)

Displacement = π × (D/2)^2 × stroke; for D=1.5 in and stroke=4 in, displacement ≈ 7.0686 in^3.

7 to binary

Decimal 7 is 0111 in 4-bit binary.

Period percent 87.5%

7/8 expressed as a percent equals 87.5%.

Compression ratio example (84 in³ and 70 in³ displacement)

CR = 84 / (84−70) = 6:1.

Binary 1111 to decimal

1111₂ = 15₁₀.

Gallon-to-pound ratio example (200 gal to 1680 lb)

Ratio = 200:1680, simplified to 5:42.

6:1 compression example result

Compression ratio where Vb = 84 in³ and Vc = 14 in³.

64-bit power conversion (72 example)

(64 × 3/8) ÷ (3/4) = 32.

60 gallons to cubic feet (7.5 gal = 1 ft³)

60 gal ÷ 7.5 = 8.0 ft³.

Gear speed ratio (36 teeth vs 20 teeth)

Speed ratio = driven/driving teeth; pinion speed = 140 × (42/14) = 420 RPM.

Piston displacement (master cylinder)

7.0686 cubic inches for 1.5 in bore and 4 in stroke.

Convert 7 to binary

7 decimal equals 0111 in binary.

Express 7/8 as a percent

7/8 = 0.875 = 87.5%.

Square root of 124.9924

Approximately 11.18 (√124.9924 ≈ 11.18).

Engine horsepower at 75% of 98 hp

0.75 × 98 = 73.5 hp.

Square root of 16 raised to the 4th power

√(16^4) = √(65536) = 256.

Six-cylinder displacement (bore, height, stroke)

Total piston displacement is the sum of all individual cylinder displacements.

Diameter from radius 7/32

Radius = 7/32; diameter = 2 × radius = 7/16 = 0.4375 inches.

Compression ratio from volumes example

CR = Vb / Vc; with Vb = 84 in³ and displacement 70 in³, CR = 6:1.

Fuel consumption scaling (60 gal for 750 miles)

For 2,500 miles: 60 × (2500/750) = 200 gallons.

10 raised to the negative sixth power

10^−6 = 0.000001.

Container volume equivalence (60 gal)

60 gal equals 8.0 ft³ using 7.5 gal/ft³.

77/64 decimal

77/64 = 1.2031 (approximately).

-96 value from math expression

Evaluating -6[-9(-8+4) − 2(7+3)] yields -96.

Sum of square roots (√100 + √36 − √16)

10 + 6 − 4 = 12.

Largest between scientific notation values

Between 4.631×10^−5, 4.631×10^5, and (4.631)^5, the largest is 4.631×10^5.

Dye penetrant inspection steps

Apply penetrant, dwell, remove excess, apply developer, inspect for indications.

Non-destructive testing (NDT)

Techniques to evaluate material properties without causing damage (e.g., MPI, PT, eddy current, ultrasonics, etc.).

Dye penetrant developer

A material applied after penetrant to draw out indications for crack visibility.

NAS close tolerance bolt mark

A bolt head marked with a cross/triangle indicates NAS close tolerance.

Alclad 2024-T4 core material

Aluminum alloy core with pure aluminum skin (cladding) for corrosion resistance.

Case hardening

Heat treatment that hardens the surface while leaving a softer core.

Normalizing

Heat-treating process to refine grain and relieve stresses, often resulting in softer metal.

Vernier scale graduation of micrometer

Vernier scale provides readings to 0.0001 inch.

Magnetic particle inspection mediums

Two common mediums: wet and dry process materials used in MPI.

Fillet weld penetration

Penetration depth in a fillet weld is typically 60–80% of base metal thickness.

Weld nomenclature familiarity

Understanding weld names and standards for accurate comparisons.

Aircraft bolts with cross/asterisk marks

Indicates close tolerance or special specification bolts in aviation.