Biology Genetics Study Guide- Sonja Nelson

Genetics test

When Griffith mixed the live "R" strain of bacteria with the dead "S" strain, what happened? What was the name of his genetic discovery?

The R strain became the S strain; transformation

What were the three possible transforming factors for Avery, MacLeod, and McCary's experiment?

DNA, RNA, proteins

What was used to isolate each factor in Avery, MacLeod, and McCary's experiments

enzymes

What was found to be the transforming factor in Avery, MacLeod, and McCary's experiment

DNA

What was to label each of the possible transforming factors in Hershey and Chases' experiment

Radioactive phosphorus and radioactive sulfur

DNA

radioactive phosphorus

protein

radioactive sulfur

in Hershey and Chases' experiment,what was determined to be the transforming factor

DNA = protein

What two scientist were responsible for the first working model of DNA

Watson + Crick

chargoff's rule

found A=T and C=G

Rosalind Franklin

after doing x-rays, she found the double helix

chromosome mutation

a change in the whole chromosome

gene mutation

changes only a certain gene sequence

deletion

1 or more genes may be lost during division

duplication

extra place duplicates some genes

translocation

chromosomal attaches to another

inversion

place of chromosomal breaks, turns and reattaches

what type of mutation is the worst

deletion- it deletes amino acid which can cause a deadly frameshift

translated DNA strand

DNA> RNA, G>C, A>T, U>A

a sperm carrying a Y chromosome can produce a ____ offspring

male

about how many sperm produced by an organism carry and X chromosome

half

beard and growth in males and milk production in females are examples of

sex-influenced traits

the sex alligators is determined by

temperature

sex-influenced traits are expressed _______in each sex

autosomes

when one or more genes is lost during division a _________ had taken place

deletion

having only one chromosome instead of two is called

monosomy

the failure of one or more chromosomes to separate is called

non-disjunction

non-disjunction occurring in all chromosome pairs at once is known as

polyploidy

In inversion, a chromosome fragment brakes free and reattaches itself

in reverse order

In 1903, Walter S. Sutton of Columbia University adopted Mendel's ideas into the

Chromosome theory

The body color and wing shape of the fruit fly not sorting independently is proof of

linked-genes

What is the term for the shuffling of genes into new combinations by crossing over

genetic recombination

Locating genes on chromosomes is called

gene mapping

Recombination occurs more frequently between genes that are _____ on a chromosome

far apart

A chromosome is a cell structure that consist of many

genes

. One reason that fruit flies are ideal for genetic studies is that they ________ every two weeks

reproduce

Male fruit flies have the following genetic characteristics: one ____ and one _____ chromosome

x,y

What is a spontaneous change in a gene or chromosome

mutation

Genes found on the X chromosome are called

sex-linked genes

White eye color in the Drosophila fruit fly is a(n

recessive trait

A grouping by the type and size of chromosomes from a cell is a(n)

karyotype

Sex-limited traits are autosomal traits that are expressed in

only one sex

All of the chromosomes except the sex are called

autosomes

X and Y chromosomes are largely non-homologous, so most genes on one have

no matching alleles on the other

Transformation is the process by which bacteria are changed by absorbing __________________ from an outside source

genetic material

By 1944, scientist had proved that the transforming factor in heredity is

DNA

Which base is not a component of DNA

uracil

The correct structure of DNA is a(n)

double-helix

The term replication refers to DNA's ability to

to make copies of itself

A gene is a region of DNA that contains instructions for the manufacture of a

protein

The process of transferring information from DNA to RNA is called

transcription

A three-based code of mRNA for an Amino Acid is called a(n)

codon

After transcription, mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the

ribosome

Scientist have determined that the codes for the amino acids are

universal

How many base pairs make up a codon

3

The loss of one or more bases from the DNA of a gene is called a(n)

deletion

Factors in the environment that cause mutations are known as

mutagens

When the sex chromosomes segregate, _____ of the males gametes will carry "X" chromosome and _____ will carry the "Y" chromosome

half

The gene for baldness may be present in both the male and female, it is only

sex-influenced

realized that organism have thousands of traits, but do not have thousands of chromosomes

Walter S. Sutton

The Drosophila has ____ pairs of chromosome, ____ autosomal and one sex

4; 3

The study of the locations of genes through recombination is known as

gene mapping

Linked genes are genes that are on the same chromosome and are located

close together

If genes on the same chromosome are __________, they are more likely to cross over

far apart

. In monosomy, _____ chromosome(s) is/are present instead of two

one

The failure of chromosome to separate during division is known as

nondisjunction

The base mutation known as a ________________ is usually more dangerous than a ______________

frameshift mutation; point mutation

The sex of an ___________ offspring could be determined by the time of year that it reproduced

reptile/ fish