Manifest Destiny

What was the Market Revolution?

People bought and sold goods rather than making them for their own use (manufacturing/Industrial Revolution (huge commerce))

What role did entrepreneurs play in fueling the nation’s economy?

They invested their money into industries

How did inventions impact consumers? How did the invention of the telegraph enhance the nation’s business activities?

Inventions impacted consumers by changing lifestyles. The telegraph could connect to larger cities in the East Coast

In what ways did Americans improve their transportation systems?

Robert Fulton invented the steamboat which had steam engines to effectively maneuver against the current.

Why did the South remain largely agricultural during the early and mid-1800s?

They disagreed with the North’s congested situation. “Cotton is king”

What factors helped the Northeast to become a center of commerce?

Investment in canals and railroads

What new inventions helped improve farming in the Midwest?

John Deere - Steel plow

Cyrus McCormick - Mechanical Reper

For what reasons would Americans move west?

California Gold Rush, Manifest Destiny, trade, and expansion

How did the Native Americans react to American expansion?

Black Hawk War, treaties and Trail of Tears

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

Treaty that discussed territorial boundaries for NA and to circumnavigate Oregon Trail

Main routes that Americans took as they traveled west

Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, and California Trail

Dangers of traveling west

Disease, food deprivation, weather, and NA Conflict

Who were the Mormons and why did they move west?

Members of Church of Christ of Latter-Day Saint. They moved west to escape religious persecution and settled in Utah.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that Americans were destined to expand across the continent motivated many to seek new territories

How did the NA react to the expansion of the Americans?

Resistance, treaties/diplomacy, adaptatioN

1851 - U.S negotiates with plains Indians

Plains are to be divided into North (Dakota for NA), Central (shared with a promise of safe passage for Americans), and South (Oklahoma territory for Indian)

Oregon Trail

Starting in Missouri, this trial extended approx. 2k miles to the Willamette Valley in Oregon

California Trail

Branching from the Oregon Trail, it rain southwest

Santa Fe Trail

Starting in Missouri, it traveled southwest to Santa Fe

Mormon Trail

From Illinois to the Salt Lake Valley following parts of the Oregon Trail

Overland Trail

Connected Missouri to California serving as a route for settlers and gold seekers

Exposition Conflict

La. Purchase is said to have Texas part of America

Adams Onis Treaty - U.S. gave up claims to the land

Empresarios

Americans who recruited settlers to Tejas in return for free land

Mexican Ind. (1821)

Agreed to honor land grants on 2 conditions: Catholicism and Spanish

Who were “The Old Three Hundred” ?

The first 300 families led by Stephen F. Austin who moved into Texas in 1824

Why did tension grow between Americans Mexicans in Texas by 1830?

There were more Americans than Mexicans in Texas, President Jackson tried to buy Texas twice, and Mexico banned immigration and trade with the U.S.

Call for Independence (1833)

What led Texans to plan a revolt in 1833?

Austin’s request to lift the immigration ban was denied, and President Santa Anna arrested him. Santa Anna later became a dictator, making Texans feel betrayed.

Who was Antonio López de Santa Anna?

Mexican President who arrested Stephen F. Austin, became dictator in 1834, and led the Mexican army against Texas.

Who were the Tejanos, and what role did they play?

Mexicans living in Texas who joined Texans in the fight against Mexico.

What happened at Gonzales and San Antonio? (1835)

Texans defeated a larger Mexican force made of slaves, Tejanos, and volunteers, but many Texans believed the war was over and left.

What was the significance of the Battle of the Alamo?

A small Texan force held out for 12 days before being annihilated; their sacrifice bought time for Sam Houston to build an army.

What happened at the Massacre at Goliath?

300 Texan soldiers surrendered, were forced to march 1.5 miles, and were massacred by Santa Anna’s troops.

How did Texans win the Battle of San Jacinto?

Sam Houston used surprise attacks and retreat tactics; Santa Anna was captured and agreed to recognize Texas independence.

What was the Lone Star Republic? (1836-1845)

Texas became an independent nation with Sam Houston as president, but U.S. admission was denied until 1845 due to slavery concerns.

When did Texas officially become part of the United States?

In 1845, when President John Tyler approved Texas statehood.

Who was the incumbent president in the Election of 1844, and why did he lose?

President John Tyler (“His Accidency”) lost because of the slavery issue in Texas annexation.

Who were the candidates in the Election of 1844?

Whigs nominated Henry Clay; Democrats nominated James Polk.

What was a major issue in the Election of 1844?

Annexation of western territories.

What did James Polk promise regarding new territories?

To maintain the balance between slave and free states by annexing both Oregon (free) and Texas (slave).

How did President Tyler interpret his election loss?

As a mandate to annex Texas as a slave state.

What slogan did President Polk use for annexing Oregon?

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight.”

What boundary did Polk propose for the Oregon Territory?

The 54°40′ parallel.

How was the Oregon border dispute resolved?

The U.S. and Britain compromised at the 49th Parallel.

What event increased tensions between the U.S. and Mexico in 1845?

Texas gained statehood; Mexico broke diplomatic relations.

What river did Mexico claim as the Texas border?

The Nueces River.

What river did the U.S. claim as the Texas border?

The Rio Grande River.

Why had New Mexico become more American before the war?

Due to U.S. immigration.

What major trade route developed between Santa Fe and the U.S.?

The Santa Fe Trail.

What was California before U.S. involvement?

A Mexican province.

What American activities increased U.S. interest in California?

Whaling, trade, and settlement by merchants and farmers.

What did President Polk hope to achieve with Mexico?

Annexation of all territories (California and New Mexico).

What happened when the U.S. offered to buy California for $25 million?

Mexico rejected the offer.

What happened during the Thornton Affair?

U.S. troops under Capt. Seth Thornton were attacked by Mexican forces near the Nueces River.

What was the result of the Thornton Affair?

9 Americans died; Polk used it to justify war, saying “American blood has been spilled on American soil.”

How did Whigs criticize Polk?

They accused him of provoking war to extend slavery.

What did Abraham Lincoln’s “Spot Resolution” demand?

That Polk identify the exact spot where American blood was shed.

What was the Wilmot Proviso?

A proposal by Democrat David Wilmot to ban slavery in all territories gained from Mexico.

What happened to the Wilmot Proviso?

It passed the House but failed in the Senate, making slavery a major U.S. political issue.

What did Gen. Zachary Taylor accomplish at Monterrey?

He captured the city but allowed the Mexican army to escape; Polk later fired him for political reasons.

Who took Santa Fe without opposition and moved on to California?

Col. Stephen Kearney.

What was the Bear Flag Revolt?

Former soldier John Fremont and 30 settlers declared California’s independence from Mexico with U.S. Navy support.

What major achievements did Gen. Winfield Scott accomplish?

He conquered Veracruz (first U.S. amphibious landing), followed Cortez’s route to Mexico City, defeated Santa Anna, and captured the capital.

What was the outcome of the war in Mexico?

Mexican forces revolted, the government surrendered, and the U.S. declared victory.

What did Mexico give to the U.S. under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

California, Nevada, Utah, most of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming.

What became the official southern border of Texas under the treaty?

The Rio Grande River.

What did the U.S. provide to Mexico as part of the treaty?

$15 million in compensation and assumption of $3 million in debt.

What was the Gadsden Purchase?

The U.S. bought southern New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico for $10 million.

What were the results of Manifest Destiny?

Decades of poor relations with Mexico.

• Establishment of current continental boundaries.

• Western migration of Americans.

• Exposure of deep U.S. sectional divisions that led to the Civil War.