history ch.19

Industrial Revolution

Result of the spiritual revivals that swept Great Britain and America in the 18th century and A time of dramatic changes in agriculture, industry, and technology

Revolution

A complete change or turning around

Age of industry

What the French Revolution began as in Europe and America , a period of great progress for western civilisation

1760 to 1900

Age of industry dates

Subsistence farming

Growing just enough food to feed their own families

Mastery of the food supply

The most critical material factor in determining how far a nation may advance

Protestant work ethic

The way of life based on the biblical teaching that God expects all men

Rotated

A different crop us planters in a field each year

Fallow

Plowed up but not used

Jethro Tull

Invented the seed drill

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Cyrus McCormick

Introduced the reaper

Reaper

Enabler the farmers to harvest six times more land than they could harvest by hand

Thresher

Made it possible to separate grain from chaff more efficiently

Combine

The joining of the reaper and the thresher

Domestic system

Work was done in small private shops

Factory system

Ever increase int numbers of people were employed to produce manufactured goods in a systematic way for wages

Real wages

Ages as compared to the cost of living

Textile factories

When the Industrial Revolution in England began

John Kay

Invented the flying shuttle

Flying shuttle

Allowed one person to weave bolts of cloth

James Hargreaves

Invented the spinning Jenny

Spinning jenny

Spun fiber into thread

Richard Arkwright

Invented the spinning frame

Spinning frame

Cotton could be spun into thread

Samuel Crompton

Invented the spinning mule

Spinning mule

Combining the spinning jenny and the spinning frame

Edmund Cartwright

Patented the power loom

Power loom

Replaced hand weaving

Enclosure movement

Forced many peasant farmers off the land, it enabled landholders to control breeding of livestock and thereby to increase livestock and milk production

Eli Whitney

Introduced the cotton gin

Cotton gin

Made it possible for one plantation slave to do the work that had previously required 50 slaves

James watt

Developed the steam engine

Miners safety lamp

Most important invention for the safety of coal miners

sir Humphrey Davy

English chemist who invented the miners safety lamp

Smelt

Heat to remove impurities

Henry Bessemer and William Kelly

discovered an inexpensive process for converting iron into steel by using currents of air

Bessemer process

Process for converting iron into steel using air currents

Canals

One solution that solved the transportation problem

Erie canal

Most famous canal connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River

Suez Canal

Flourished international trade ; joins the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean

Clipper ships

Faster Long lean sailing vessels known for their tremendous speed on the high seas

Steamships

Didn’t need wind ; outdated the clipper ships

Clermont

First practical steamship

Robert Fulton

Christened the fist practical steamship

Railroad

Form of transportation that appeared in the 19th century

George Stephenson

Built the first practical steam powered locomotive

Daimler

Perfected the internal combustion engine

Rudolf diesel

Unveiled his diesel engine

Benz and ford

Developed the first modern automobiles

Samuel morse

perfected the electric telegraph

Electric telegraph

an instrument capable of transmitting a code of “ dots and dashes “ over electric wires

Cyrus field

Succeeded in laying the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable

Alexander Graham Bell

Native Scottish who patented the telephone

Marconi

Developed the radio

John dalton

Proposed the atomic theory

Atomic theory

All matter is composed of submolecular particles called atoms

Michael Faraday

Discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism which led to the invention of the electric motor and the electric generator

Lord kelvin

Helped formulated the laws of thermodynamics and introduced an absolute scale for measuring temperature

James clerk maxwell

Laid the foundation for electrical engineering by mathematically explaining electrical force and correctly theorising that that electromagnetic energy travels as a “ wave”

Pierre curie

Experimented with radioactivity and discovered two new elements - polonium and radium

Marie

Curie’s wife

Polonium and radium

The two new elements discovered by curie and his wife

Edward Jenner

Developed the first vaccine

Louis Pasteur

Developed the germ theory of disease

Germ theory of disease

Every infectious disease is caused by a specific germ

Thomas Edison

Greatest inventor in history; invented the first modern scientific laboratory; incandescent electric light bulb

Joseph lister

Introduced the use of antiseptics

Gross National Product

The total output of goods and services

Capitalism

Allows individuals the freedom to follow their economic pursuits as they fit; it is the only economic system consistent with personal liberty and responsibility

Free enterprise

It leaves the individual free to make something of himself if he has the enterprise to do it

Panama Canal

Greatly expanded American influence in the western hemisphere and the pacific

Spanish American war

United States displayed it’s new position by defeating the Spanish

Rockefeller

In the oil industry

Carnegie

In the steel industry

Morgan

Banking dude

Philanthropy

“ lover of mankind” those who use their money to help others

Adam smith

Wrote wealth of nations

Mercantilism

Under this system the government controlled the nations trade through tariffs and regulations intended to feed the national treasury

Free trade

Trade without government interference

1776

The year smith published wealth of nations

Wealth of nations

A philosophy that individual freedom in economics leads to the greatest good not o my for the individual but for society as a whole

Adam smith

One of the earliest advocates of capitalism or the free market ; largely responsible for the rise and triumph of capitalism

William pit the younger

Served as prime minister during the French Revolution and much of the Napoleonic wars

Duke of wellington

Britains esteemed hero of the Napoleonic Wars

Robert Peel

Remembered for founding London Metropolitan Police force

Victoria

Englands longest reigning monarch

Great exhibitions

The first worlds fair

Prince Albert

“ prince consort “ ; Victorias husband

Suffrage

The right to vote

Reform bill of 1832

Granted middle class males the right to vote

Liberals and conservatives

The two divisions of parliament during the mid 19th century

Liberals

Represents the middle class of the industrial age

Conservatives

Represented the nobility and other wealthy people

William Gladstone

“ the grand old man”

Disraeli

Jewish descent who became the renowned leader of the Conservative Party

Charles Haddon Spurgeon

“ prince of preachers “

Meyer

Popular preacher of the Victorian age ; wrote several devotional studies of Bible characters; Bible teacher and convenient speaker

Dwight L. Moody

The great American evangelist

Ira Sankey

Moodys song leader