5 - Source of Medicinal Plants and Drugs

• Thai name

• Part used in drug one

• Drug one is ___

• Used for?

• ลำโพง

• ดอก

• Atropine

• Treats pesticide poisoning

• Thai name

• Part used in drug two

• Drug two is ___

• Used for?

• ลำโพง

• ใบและยอด

• Hyoscine

• Treating stomachache/nausea

• Thai name

• Part used in drug

• Drug is ___

• Used for?

• แมงลัก

• เมล็ด

• Ispaghula husk

• Treats constipation by being a laxative

Charcoal

• Origin

• Drug Name

• Used for?

• Animal bone

• Activated charcoal

• Treating food poisoning

Fat

• Origin

• Drug name

• Used for

• Animal origin

• Fish oil

• Dyslipidemia

Source of

• Aminoglycosides

• Penicillin

• Cyclosporine

• Bacteria

• Fungi

• Fungi

2 key examples of mineral origin drugs and their purpose

1. NaCl: 0.9% NaCl used as fluid replacement

2. MgSO4: Stays in lumen and acts like a laxative

3 key examples of chemical origin drugs and their purpose

1. Acetylsalicylic acid(ASA, aspirin): Reduces pain(analgesic), fever(antipyretic), and inflammation, and is anti-platelet

2. Paracetamol(Acetaminophen): Analgesic, antipyretic

3. Fluoroquinolone: Bacterial infection

Generic vs biosimilar

• Identical vs very similar but with some non-clinically meaningful difference

Alkaloid simple definition

• Nitrogen-based product created by plants

Alkaloid taste → result

Bitter taste → Appetite stimulant

Quinine

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Alkaloid

• Cinchona tree

• Malaria plasmodium falciparum + antipyretic

Vinca alkaloids

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Alkaloid

• แพงพวยฝรั่ง

• Treat leukemia/lymphoma

Morphine/Codeine

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Alkaloid

• ยางจากฝิ่น

• Narcotic anagesic + cough suppression

Colchicine

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Alkaloid

• เหง้า ดองดึง

• Treats gout

Glycoside simple definition

• Sugar + non-sugar active molecule

Cardiac Glycoside

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Glycoside

• Foxglove/digitalis

• Treats heart failure

Anthraquinone glycosides

• Active principle

• Source

• Name

• Purpose

• Glycoside

• มะขามแขก

• Sennoside A & B

• Laxative

Saponin Glycosides

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Glycoside

• ใบบัวบก

• Wound healing

Flavonoid simple definition

• Natural plant pigment compound

Isoflavone

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Flavonoid

• ถั่วเหลือง

• Act like a plant-based estrogen

Define volatile/essential oil simply

• Oils from plants that evaporate easily at room temperature

สะระแหน่

• Active Principle

• What part of it

• Function

• Volatile/essential oil

• ทั้งต้น

• Antifllatulent effect(carminative effect)

กานพลู

• Active principle

• What part of it

• Purpose

• Volatile/essential oil

• ดอก

• local anesthetic effect

ไพล

• Active principle

• What part of it

• Purpose

• Volatile/essential oil

• เหง้า(Underground part)

• Anti-inflammatory

Resin

• Simple definition

• A secretion from trees/plants

Capsaicin

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Resin

• พริก

• Treating MSK pain via rubbing

Gingerol

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Resin

• ขิง

• Carminative and antiemetic effect

มหาหิงค์ุ

• Active principle

• Effect

• Resin

• Carminative and antispasmodic effect

3 Examples of tannins, and their effects

• ฝรั่ง กล้วย(ผลดิบ) มังคุด

• Astringent effect, aka constricting epithelial tissue → reduces fluid loss, wound contraction

Artesunate

• Active principle

• Purpose

• Terpenoid

• Malaria p. falciparum

Taxol

• Active principle

• Purpose

• Terpenoid

• Anti-cancer

Ginkgolides

• Active principle

• Source

• Purpose

• Terpenoid

• ใบแปะก๊วย

• Increased cerebral performance

Ginesenosides “โสม”

• Active principle

• Purpose

• Terpenoid

• Anit-inflammation

ฟ้าทะลายโจร

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Contraindications

• ใบ + ส่วนเหนือดิน

• Bitter

• Antipyretic, treats mild fever/cold and non-bacterial stomachaches

• Pregnant/lactating, anti-platelets, CYP450 related drugs

ขมิ้นชัน

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Contraindications

• เห้งา

• Spicy

• Carminative effect, functional dyspepsia, rubbing on rashes

• Pregnant/lactating, obstructed bile duct, antiplatelet, CYP450 metabolized drugs, anticancer drugs

ขิง

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Contraindications

• เหง้า

• Spicy

• Carminative effect, antiemetic

• Bile duct obstruction, children under 6, antiplatelet drugs

มะขามแขก

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Contraindications

• ใบกับฟัก

• Sour

• Laxative

• GI obstruction, pregnancy/lactation, nephritis, digoxin, tolerance w long term use

ไพล

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Contraindications

• เหง้า

• Spicy

• Bruises(anti-inflammation)

• Open wounds

พริก

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Contraindications

• ผล

• spicy

• MSK pain

• Worsens ACEi cough

ว่านหางจระเข้

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• English Name

• วุ้นในใบ

• Cold bitter

• For burns

• Aloe vera

พญายอ

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Contraindications

• ใบ

• เมาเบื่อ

• Shingles, aches, ulcers, antiviral

• Don’t use ointment form for shingles!

กัญชา

• Parts used

• Taste

• Uses

• Mechanism

• Symptoms

• Contraindications

• English name

• ใบ

• เมาเบื่อ

• Appetite stimulant, treats insomnia, nerve disease, aches, and pains

• We have CB1 receptors in the CNS and CB2 receptors on immune cells, so CB1 deals with pain modulation and all the psychological effects while CB2 relates with the immune-modulating effects. Cannabis has 2 compounds, THC and CBD. THC binds CB1 very strongly while CBD actually counteracts some of it

• Numbness, dry throat, cowardice, CNS effects

• Antiplatelet, pregnancy/lactation, under 16, psychological effects, CYP450 interacting drugs, CVD