Chapter 6 BIO

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20 Terms

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Glycolysis

The process by which glucose is broken down within the cytoplasm of a cell to form pyruvate

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Cellular Respiration

The metabolic process by which cells convert nutrients into energy in the form of ATP, utilizing glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

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Aerobic respiration

The process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen, utilizing glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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Energy Investment Phase 

First 3 steps of glycolysis; 2 ATP molecules are utilized to phosphorylate glucose, converting it into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This molecule is then split into two 3-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, making it more reactive for subsequent steps.

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Cleavage Phase

The second phase of glycolysis where the six-carbon molecule fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is enzymatically split into two three-carbon molecules: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). DHAP is then rapidly isomerized into another molecule of G3P, ensuring that both resulting

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Energy Liberation Phase 

The final phase of glycolysis where the cell generates ATP and NADH from the breakdown of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This phase involves a series of redox reactions and phosphorylations. Each of the two G3P molecules (from the cleavage phase) is converted into pyruvate

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Redox

A chemical reaction that involves both reduction and oxidation, electrons are transferred between reactants.

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Oxidation

the loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state

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Reduction 

the gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state

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Metabolism 

All the chemical reactions that occur in a cell 

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Exergonic

a spontaneous chemical reaction that releases free energy breaking bonds

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Endergonic

an non-spontaneous chemical reaction requiring energy to make or transport products with more energy

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metabolic cycle

Some molecules enter the cycle while others leave. The process is cyclical because it involves a series of organic molecules that are regenerated with each turn of the cycle.

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Potential energy

Stored energy that an object has due to its position, state, or configuration.

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Kinetic Energy

The energy an object has because of its motion.

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Chemical potential energy

The energetic electrons in bonds between atoms

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First law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed instead transformed or transferred.

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Catabolic Reactions

Breakdown larger molecules into smaller ones and are typically exergonic.

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Anabolic reactions

Synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones and are typically endergonic.

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