ANAPAHY MT 100 LEC SUMAMRTIVE 1

Cell

The basic unit of life, sharing general structures including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane.

Plasma Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins that separates cell contents from the surrounding environment; follows a fluid mosaic model.

Hydrophilic

The polar heads of phospholipid molecules that lie on the inner and outer surfaces of the plasma membrane and are attracted to water.

Hydrophobic

The nonpolar fatty acid tails of phospholipid molecules that line up in the center of the plasma membrane and avoid water.

Tight Junctions

Impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak-proof sheets to prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space.

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart; intermediate filaments help form these.

Gap Junctions

Junctions that allow communication between cells, commonly found in the heart and between embryonic cells.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that contains deoxyribonucleic acid ($DNA$), which serves as the genetic blueprint.

Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane barrier with nuclear pores that encloses a jellylike fluid called nucleoplasm.

Nucleolus

Small, dark-staining bodies within the nucleus that serve as the site of ribosome assembly.

Chromatin

A loose network of "beads on a string" formed when $DNA$ is wound around proteins called histones while the cell is not dividing.

Chromosomes

Dense, rodlike bodies formed from coiled and condensed chromatin when a cell is dividing.

Cytosol

The semitransparent fluid component of cytoplasm that suspends other cellular elements.

Inclusions

Chemical substances in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present, such as lipid droplets, glycogen granules, melanin, or mucus.

Organelles

Specialized cellular compartments that serve as the metabolic machinery of the cell.

Mitochondria

Tiny, sausage-shaped organelles with a double membrane and cristae that produce $ATP$ via aerobic respiration.

Ribosomes

Tiny, bilobed bodies made of proteins and ribosomal $RNA$ ($rRNA$) that serve as the sites of protein synthesis.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of fluid-filled tunnels studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and processing.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of tunnels that lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid metabolism, detoxification of drugs, and calcium storage.

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened membranous sacs that acts as the principal "traffic director," modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing powerful digestive enzymes that degrade waste and foreign matter; abundant in phagocytes.

Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that use molecular $O_2$ to detoxify harmful substances and disarm free radicals.

Cytoskeleton

A network consisting of microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provides shape and intracellular transport.

Centrioles

Paired organelles that form microtubules and direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Cilia

Whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface.

Flagella

Longer projections of centrioles used to propel the cell itself forward, such as in sperm cells.

Microvilli

Tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the cell's surface area for absorption.

Solvent

The substance present in the greatest amount in a solution; water is the body's main example.

Selective Permeability

The property of the plasma membrane that allows some substances to pass while blocking others.

Diffusion

Passive transport involving the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration using kinetic energy.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane through specific channel proteins called aquaporins.

Facilitated Diffusion

A passive transport process using protein channels or carrier proteins for substances that are too large, charged, or lipid-insoluble.

Filtration

The movement of water and solutes through a membrane driven by a hydrostatic pressure gradient.

Sodium-Potassium Pump ($Na^+/K^+$ pump)

An active transport mechanism that uses $ATP$ to pump $3\text{ Na}^+$ out of the cell and $2\text{ K}^+$ into the cell.

Exocytosis

A vehicular transport process where a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release its contents outside the cell.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis ("cell eating") where a cell uses pseudopods to engulf large particles like bacteria or dead cells.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis ("cell drinking") involving the uptake of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A highly selective process where receptors bind specific target molecules like cholesterol or hormones.

Interphase

The longer phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, performs business, and replicates its $DNA$.

Mitosis

The process of nuclear division consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that begins during late anaphase and ends during telophase, forming a cleavage furrow.

Gene

A segment of $DNA$ that contains instructions for building one specific protein.

Transcription

The phase of protein synthesis in the nucleus where information from $DNA$ is copied into $mRNA$ codons.

Translation

The phase of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm where the $mRNA$ message is decoded into an amino acid sequence at the ribosomes.

Epithelial Tissue

Lining, covering, and glandular tissue characterized by an apical surface, basement membrane, and lack of blood supply (avascular).

Extracellular Matrix

A nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular).

Muscle Tissue

Irritable tissue that contracts to produce movement; includes skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary) types.

Regeneration

The replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells.

Fibrosis

Tissue repair involving the replacement of destroyed tissue by dense connective tissue, forming a scar.

Granulation Tissue

Delicate pink tissue composed of new capillaries, phagocytes, and fibroblasts that forms during the initial stages of tissue repair.

Neoplasm

An abnormal mass of proliferating cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division; can be benign or malignant.

Hyperplasia

An increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the total number of cells.

Atrophy

A decrease in tissue or organ size resulting from a loss of normal stimulation or use.

Anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts, and

their relationships to one another

Physiology

study of how the body and its parts function

Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy

Enumerate the two branches of Anatomy:

Gross Anatomy

observable structures

Microscopic Anatomy

seen with a microscope

Cytology

Study of Cells

Histology

Study of tissues

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Enumerate the six levels of Structural Organization

Chemical

Consists of atoms and molecules

Atoms

tiny building blocks of matter

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Cellular

Consists of cells

Cells

smallest unit of all living things; varies in size, shape, and roles

Tissue

groups of similar cells with a common function

Organ

Two or more tissue types that perform a specific function

Organ System

Group of organs that work together

Organismal

all structural levels working together

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Enuemrate the eleven organ systems

Integumentary System

The external body covering that cushions, protects, and waterproofs the body

Integumentary System

Produces Vitamin D with sunlight; consists of cutaneous receptors and oil/sweat glands

Hair, Skin, Fingernails

Integumentary System consists of:

Skeletal System

Protects and supports the body organs; a framework for movement

Skeletal System

Stores minerals, and forms blood cells in the cavities

Bones, Joints, Cartillage

Skeletal System consists of:

Muscular System

Contracts for movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

Skeletal Muscles

Large muscles that are attached to bones

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating effectors

Sensory Receptors

Detects change in temperature, pressure, or light

Sensory Receptors

Sends nerve impulses (electrical signals) to the central nervous system

Central Nervous System

Assess the information and respond by activating effectors (muscles/glands)

Brain, Sensory Receptor, Spinal Cord, Nerves

Nervous System consists of:

Endocrine System

slowly controls the body system by secreting hormones that can control growth, reproduction, and use of nutrients

Endocrine Glands

Secretes hormones to the blood so it can travel to distal organs

Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Thymus Gland, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Testis/Ovary

Endocrine System consists of:

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, whilst picking up carbon dioxide/waste

Cardiovascular System

Heart pumps out blood into blood vessels for transportation into other body tissues

White Blood Cell

Protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells

Heart, Blood Vessels

Cardiovascular System consists of:

Lymphatic System

Picks up fluids from blood vessels and returns it to blood

Lymphatic Vessels

Part that is in charge of returning leaked fluids from the blood back into the blood vessels for continuous circulation

Lymphatic Nodes and Organs

Cleanses the blood and houses the White Blood Cells

Thoracic duct, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic System consists of:

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Alveoli

Tiny sacs in the lungs wherein gas exchange occurs with blood

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

The mouth to the small intestine

Break down of food in the digestive system occurs from ______

Digestive System

Undigested food leaves through the anus as feces