Control and Coordination

These flashcards cover key concepts related to control and coordination in organisms, focusing on the nervous and endocrine systems, brain functions, and related biological processes.

What does homeostasis refer to?

The maintenance of a constant internal environment within the body.

What are the two main systems responsible for control and coordination in multicellular organisms?

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

What type of neuron carries impulses away from the central nervous system?

Motor neuron.

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

They are chemicals that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

What part of the brain is known for regulating alertness and sleep?

The reticular formation.

What hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

What is the main function of auxins in plants?

To promote stem growth and cell expansion.

Which gland is referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system?

The pituitary gland.

What is synaptic pruning?

The elimination of the least used synapses in the brain during development.

What are the stages of non-REM sleep?

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, and Stage 4.

What does the amygdala control?

Emotions, particularly fear and rage.

What plant hormone is involved in the ripening of fruits?

Ethylene.

What are the primary functions of the cerebrum?

Higher order thinking, decision making, and controlling voluntary actions.

What type of cells are sensory cells in the retina called?

Photoreceptors.

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

To monitor internal systems and control hormone release.

Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?

The cerebellum.

What is the stimulus-response model?

A model describing how changes (stimuli) are detected by receptors and lead to a response.

What is the purpose of myelination in neurons?

To increase the speed of electrical impulses along the axon.

What happens during the fight-or-flight response?

The body releases adrenaline, increasing heart rate and preparing muscles for action.

What is the typical duration of a sleep cycle?

90 to 110 minutes, including REM and non-REM sleep.

Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with feelings of well-being?

Dopamine.

What is the difference between positive feedback and negative feedback?

Positive feedback enhances a change, while negative feedback counteracts it to maintain stability.