Unit 1 Honors Biology - Life Classification, Processes, Scientific Method, and Graphing

Use to study for midterms, tests, and finals.

Autotrophic

type of nutrition in which organisms can make their own food

Heterotrophic

type of nutrition in which organisms rely on an outside source for food (consumption of other food)

What are the characteristics of life?

Homeostasis, Organization, Metabolism, Growth & Development, Adaptation, Reproduction, Response to Environment, DNA. HOMGARRD.

Metabolism

Sum of all reactions in an organism

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in mostly prokaryotes, and some eukaryotes where the cell divides into daughter/son cells.

What are the three domains of life?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya or Eukaryota

What are Eukaryota?

Eukaryotic cells are cells with membrane-bound organelles. They contain nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, etc.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Moves proteins throughout the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Packages proteins and helps the Endoplasmic Reticulum move proteins around.

What kingdoms fall under Eukaryotes?

Animals, fungi, plants and protists

What are some examples of protists?

Amoeba, algae, and fungus-like protists

What type of cells make up the first two domains of life (Bacteria and Archaea)?

Prokaryotic cells, which have no membrane bound organelles. However, these cells do include ribosomes, which make proteins for the cell.

What are we (humans, as Eukaryotes) more closely related to? Bacteria or Archaea?

Archaea because our cells share more in common with Archaea.

What are not classified as life, according to the characteristics of life?

Viruses, which are non-cellular replicators. They cannot survive without a host.

Describe the characteristics of Archaea

Does not have peptidoglycan, prokaryotic, has circular DNA, reproduces asexually through Binary fission (splits off into two smaller cells), lives in harsh environments and is considered ancient DNA.

Describe the characteristics of Bacteria

Prokaryotic cell, contains peptidoglycan, has circular DNA, reproduces asexually through binary fission (splits off into two smaller cells)

Describe the characteristics of Eukaryota

Linear DNA, Eukaryotic Cell (membrane-bound organelles), includes all complex life forms (humans, protists, fungi and plants), reproduces through mitosis (considered asexual reproduction, where the cell is divided into two identical new cells) or meiosis (reproduces sexually, where sex cells (sperm and egg from male and female) are connected, dividing one cell into four unique cells with half of the DNA)

What is development?

The increase of cell numbers with a change in shape of the cell. (this includes cell death as well)

What is growth?

The number of cells and size of cells grow/increase

What do all living things have in their genetics?

DNA

Photosynthesis formula (in words, not chemicals)

It is the opposite reaction of aerobic respiration (with oxygen). The formula in words is carbon dioxide & water to glucose & oxygen.

What is aerobic cell respiration?

Aerobic respiration is respiration with oxygen. The word equation is where the reactants are glucose & oxygen, and change to carbon dioxide & water. This is the opposite of anaerobic respiration.

What is anaerobic cell respiration?

Anaerobic cell respiration is respiration without oxygen. In animals, the word formula is glucose to lactic acid and ATP (energy). In Yeast, the formula is Glucose to Carbon Dioxide and ATP (energy).

What is ATP? (adenosine triphosphate)

A form of energy that is useable for the cell.

Definition of Photosynthesis

Process in which plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or energy from the sun and turn it into food for themselves. This is autotrophic.

What is positive feedback?

Positive feedback is defined as when x turns on y and y continues to turn on x more than before. On a graph, it would be a line straight up at a slant.

Examples of positive feedback

Child birth, suckling an infant, milk production

What is negative feedback?

A loop, typically involving homeostasis (internal balance within a particular range of an organism) where x and y is kept balanced in a range.

Homeostasis Definition

An internal balance within a particular range.

Regulation Definition

The control & coordination of all body activities

Stimuli

Anything in the environment that causes a response.

Which is more common? Negative or positive feedback?

Negative feedback is involved in almost everything, so negative feedback.

What are the classification groupings, largest to smallest?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti)

When providing the latin name of any species, what two parts are in the name?

Genus, and Species. (Good Spaghetti). Example: Homo Sapiens (humans)

Mitosis

Copy and paste. Asexual reproduction. A cell divides into two identical cells.

Meiosis

Split and divide into 4. Sexual reproduction. Two cells come together and their sperm and the egg combines. This splits into 4 cells, each with half of the DNA

Direct Relationship

A graph with positive association.

Indirect Relationship

A graph with a negative association.

Cyclic Relationship

Graph goes up and down.

What should the title of the graph be?

The Effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable (Example: The Effect of Water on Plant Growth)

What axis should have what variables?

YDIX. Y-axis has the dependent variable, x-axis has the independent variable.

Reminder: It is important to label axi's with units (seconds, inches, etc.)

Okay, I'll remember this!

Reminder: Scale the graph so that the line takes most of the graph.

I'll lose points if I don't!

Label origins and have evenly spread axis.

Okay.

What is kilo?

1000

What is hecto?

100

What is deca?

10

What is micro?

1/1,000,000 (funny u)

What is milli?

1/1000

What is centi?

1/100

What is deci?

1/10

Can animals be unicellular?

No. They are also all heterotrophic

Can protists be multicellular?

Yes, but most are unicellular.

Can fungi be unicellular or multicellular?

Both. They are also heterotopic.

When writing the name of a species, how do you write it?

Capitalize the first letter of the name. Either underline, or italicize.

What does the scientific method begin with?

A scientist should make observations on something and ask a question.

What is the hypothesis?

An educated guess based on research on the outcome of a certain experiment.

What is the independent variable in an experiment?

The thing that the scientist changes. It will affect the dependent variable.

What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

The outcome of what changes due to the independent variable.

What types of groups are there, and what are they?

Control Group - Group tested without the independent variable. Used as comparison to the experimental group.

Experimental Group - Group tested with the independent variable, compared against the control group to support/reject hypothesis.

What are constants?

Things that same throughout an experiment. Things like same temperature, etc. are kept the same in both groups.

When you finish your experiment, what do you do?

Make a conclusion on your data. State if it supports/rejects your hypothesis, and explain the procedure of your experiment.