bio 112 - chapter 9 - nervous system
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110 Terms
Q: Main functions of the nervous system?
A: Sensory input, integration, motor output.
Q: What do neurons do?
A: Send electrical impulses.
Q: What do neuroglia do?
A: Support, nourish, and protect neurons.
Q: What are neurotransmitters?
A: Chemicals that carry signals across synapses.
Q: What system does the nervous system help regulate?
A: The endocrine system.
Q: What structures make up the CNS?
A: Brain and spinal cord.
Q: Main function of the CNS?
A: Integration and processing.
Q: What structures make up the PNS?
A: Cranial and spinal nerves.
Q: Function of the sensory (afferent) division?
A: Carries input to the CNS.
Q: Function of the motor (efferent) division?
A: Carries output to effectors.
Q: Somatic nervous system controls what?
A: Voluntary skeletal muscles.
Q: Autonomic nervous system controls what?
A: Involuntary smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands.
Q: Parts of a neuron: cell body (soma)?
A: Contains nucleus and organelles.
Q: Parts of a neuron: dendrites?
A: Receive signals.
Q: Parts of a neuron: axon?
A: Sends signals.
Q: What is the axon hillock?
A: Origin of the axon.
Q: Function of myelin sheath?
A: Insulates axons.
Q: Myelin in PNS is made by?
A: Schwann cells.
Q: Myelin in CNS is made by?
A: Oligodendrocytes.
Q: What are nodes of Ranvier?
A: Gaps in myelin that speed impulses.
Q: Multipolar neurons have what structure?
A: Many dendrites, one axon.
Q: Where are multipolar neurons found?
A: Most CNS neurons.
Q: Bipolar neurons have what structure?
A: One dendrite, one axon.
Q: Where are bipolar neurons found?
A: Eye, nose, ear.
Q: Unipolar neurons have what structure?
A: Single process that splits.
Q: What type of neurons are unipolar?
A: Sensory neurons.
Q: Sensory (afferent) neurons carry signals where?
A: From receptors to CNS.
Q: Interneurons do what?
A: Connect neurons within CNS.
Q: Motor (efferent) neurons carry signals where?
A: From CNS to effectors.
Q: Microglia function?
A: Phagocytosis.
Q: Oligodendrocytes function?
A: Form myelin in CNS.
Q: Astrocytes function?
A: Support, nutrients, blood-brain barrier.
Q: Ependymal cells function?
A: Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Q: Schwann cells function?
A: Form myelin in PNS.
Q: Satellite cells function?
A: Protect neuron cell bodies.
Q: Resting membrane potential value?
A: -70 mV.
Q: Ion distribution at rest?
A: More Na⁺ outside, more K⁺ inside.
Q: Depolarization occurs when?
A: Na⁺ enters the cell.
Q: Threshold value?
A: -55 mV.
Q: What happens at threshold?
A: Action potential fires (all-or-none).
Q: Repolarization occurs when?
A: K⁺ exits the cell.
Q: Hyperpolarization is what?
A: Brief undershoot after repolarization.
Q: What spreads local current?
A: Movement of ions along membrane.
Q: What is the refractory period?
A: Time when no new impulse can fire.
Q: Continuous conduction occurs in?
A: Unmyelinated fibers.
Q: Saltatory conduction occurs in?
A: Myelinated fibers.
Q: Saltatory conduction moves how?
A: Jumps node to node.
Q: What is the synaptic cleft?
A: Gap between neurons.
Q: What does the presynaptic neuron do?
A: Releases neurotransmitters.
Q: What does the postsynaptic neuron do?
A: Receives the signal.
Q: What is the synaptic knob?
A: Stores neurotransmitters in vesicles.
Q: Excitatory neurotransmitters do what?
A: Increase chance of action potential.
Q: Inhibitory neurotransmitters do what?
A: Reduce chance of firing.
Q: What is summation?
A: Postsynaptic neuron integrating all input.
Q: How are neurotransmitters removed?
A: Enzymatic breakdown or reuptake.
Q: Example of enzymatic breakdown?
A: ACh broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
Q: What are neuronal pools?
A: Groups of neurons processing input.
Q: What is facilitation?
A: Increased likelihood of firing with repeated stimulation.
Q: What is convergence?
A: Many neurons → one neuron.
Q: What is divergence?
A: One neuron → many neurons.
Q: What is a nerve?
A: Bundle of axons in PNS.
Q: Sensory nerves carry what?
A: Only afferent signals.
Q: Motor nerves carry what?
A: Only efferent signals.
Q: Mixed nerves carry what?
A: Both sensory and motor signals.
Q: Epineurium surrounds what?
A: Entire nerve.
Q: Perineurium surrounds what?
A: Fascicles.
Q: Endoneurium surrounds what?
A: Individual axons.
Q: Reflex arc pathway?
A: Receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron → motor neuron → effector.
Q: Patellar reflex type?
A: Monosynaptic (no interneuron).
Q: Withdrawal reflex function?
A: Protects from injury.
Q: Three meninges layers?
A: Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
Q: Dura mater description?
A: Tough, outermost layer.
Q: Arachnoid mater description?
A: Middle, weblike layer.
Q: Pia mater description?
A: Inner, vascular layer.
Q: Subarachnoid space contains what?
A: CSF.
Q: Epidural space location?
A: Between dura and vertebrae.
Q: Where does spinal cord begin and end?
A: Foramen magnum → near L1-L2.
Q: What is the cauda equina?
A: Nerve roots below spinal cord.
Q: How many spinal cord segments?
A: 31.
Q: Gray matter contains what?
A: Neuron cell bodies.
Q: White matter contains what?
A: Tracts.
Q: Ascending tracts carry what?
A: Sensory information.
Q: Descending tracts carry what?
A: Motor information.
Q: Cerebrum function?
A: Higher functions.
Q: Frontal lobe functions?
A: Motor, speech, reasoning.
Q: Parietal lobe function?
A: Touch.
Q: Temporal lobe functions?
A: Hearing, language.
Q: Occipital lobe function?
A: Vision.
Q: Insula function?
A: Emotion and self-awareness.
Q. Cerebral cortex?
A. Outer gray matter
Basal nuclei function
movement control using dopamine
ventricles of the brain
spaces filled with the CSF produced by the choroid plexus
thalamus role
acts as the sensory relay center
hypothalamus role
controls homeostasis and links to the endocrine system
limbic system function
regulates emotions
midbrain function
contains reflex centers
pons functions
helps regulate breathing rhythm
medulla oblongata function
controls vital centers like heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
reticular formation function
regulates sleep and wake cycles
cerebellum function
controls coordination, posture, and balance