Cytology

vocab

Plasma membrane

outer barrier of the cell, separating intracellular and extracellular fluids

Cholesterol

makes plasma membrane more stable

Membrane components

Lipids, Proteins, Vesicles

Passive transport

moves materials of high concentration to low, no energy

Active Transport

moves materials up the concentration gradient, requires energy

Simple diffusion

molecules pass directly through bilayer

Facilitated diffusion

moves larger or charged solutes and requires a protein channel

Hypertonic

water leaving

Isotonic

balanced

Hypotonic

too much water

Primary active transport

uses ATP as energy to move solutes up the concentration gradient

Sodium pump

uses ATP to move 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions in, helps keep ion balance

Vesicular transport

uses vesicles to transport substances in or out of the cell

Endocytosis

using a vesicle to bring something into the cell

Exocytosis

uses vesicles to bring something out of the cell

Enzymes

proteins that make or break chemical bonds

Mitosis

division of a body cell into 2 equal daughter cells

Prophase

duplicated DNA organizes itself, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibers appear

Metaphase

spindle fibers direct DNA to the middle

Anaphase

spindle fibers separate identical DNA copies to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Opposite of prophase

Cytokinesis

plasma membrane of the cell separates into 2

Nucleus

control center of the cell

Cytoplasm

cellular component between plasma membrane and nucleus

Mitochondria purpose

responsible for preforming cellular respiration to make ATP

Ribosome

Assemble proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

assembles proteins (has ribosomes)

Sooth endoplasmic reticulum

assembles lipids (no ribosome)

Golgi apparatus

modifies and transports proteins

Lysosomes

cellular stomachs

Peroxisomes

Oxidize fatty, amino and uric acids

Vesicles

membrane bound shipping containers

Membrane Transport

Membrane Transport

transportation of membranes

Secondary active transport

uses the gradient from primary to get energy to move something else

Diffusion

movement of particles from high soncentration to low