Indian Polity Detailed Revision Flashcards - NDA (II) 2026

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards mapping key constitutional articles, committees, amendments, and executive and judicial principles from the NDA (II) 2026 Polity revision notes.

Article 52

Constitutional provision establishing the office of the President of India as the head of the Indian State.

Article 53

Constitutional provision stating that the executive power of the Union is vested in the President, exercised directly or through subordinate officers.

Article 54

Constitutional provision governing the indirect election of the President by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies.

Article 58

Constitutional provision laying down qualifications for presidential election: Indian citizenship, minimum 35 years of age, qualification for election to the Lok Sabha, and nomination by at least 50 proposers and 50 seconders.

Article 60

Constitutional provision governing the oath or affirmation of the President, administered by the Chief Justice of India or the senior-most available Supreme Court judge.

Article 61

Constitutional procedure for the impeachment of the President of India on the ground of violation of the Constitution.

Article 361

Constitutional provision granting official protection and immunity to the President and Governors from court answerability, arrest, or imprisonment during their term.

Absolute Veto

Presidential veto power where assent is withheld, preventing a bill from becoming law (e.g., Dr Rajendra Prasad's PEPSU bill).

Suspensive Veto

Presidential veto power where an ordinary bill is returned to Parliament for reconsideration; if re-passed by Parliament, assent must be given.

Pocket Veto

Presidential veto power where the President neither accepts nor rejects a bill, keeping it pending indefinitely (e.g., Zail Singh's 1986 Indian Post Office Bill).

Article 64

Constitutional provision specifying that the Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).

Article 155

Constitutional provision stating that the Governor of a State is appointed by the President of India.

Article 156

Constitutional provision governing the Governor's term of office, specifying a nominal term of 5 years subject to the pleasure of the President.

Article 161

Constitutional provision granting pardoning power to the Governor for offences against State laws.

Article 123

Constitutional provision granting the President the power to promulgate ordinances when either or both Houses of Parliament are not in session.

Article 213

Constitutional provision granting the Governor corresponding State ordinance-making power.

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957)

Committee that recommended a three-tier Panchayati Raj system consisting of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad.

Ashok Mehta Committee (1977)

Committee that recommended replacing the three-tier Panchayati Raj system with a two-tier system of Zila Parishad and Mandal Panchayat.

L. M. Singhvi Committee (1986)

Committee that recommended constitutional recognition for Panchayati Raj Institutions.

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992

Amendment that granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions, inserting Part IX and the 11th Schedule into the Constitution.

Gram Sabha (Article 243A)

A permanent village-level deliberative body consisting of all registered voters in the village area.

Article 243D

Constitutional provision governing seat reservation in Panchayats for SC/STs based on population proportion, and reserving not less than one-third of total seats for women.

Article 243K

Constitutional provision establishing the State Election Commission for the conduct and supervision of Panchayat elections.

Article 243O

Constitutional provision placing a bar on ordinary court interference in Panchayat electoral matters.

PESA Act, 1996

Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, linked with the Dilip Singh Bhuria Committee, which extended Panchayati Raj principles to Scheduled Areas with special adaptations.

74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992

Amendment that provided constitutional status to urban local bodies (Municipalities), adding Part IX-A and the 12th Schedule with 18 municipal functions.

Nagar Panchayat

Urban local body designated for a transitional area moving from rural to urban character under Article 243Q.

Municipal Council

Urban local body designated for a smaller urban area under Article 243Q.

Municipal Corporation

Urban local body designated for a larger urban area under Article 243Q.

Article 124

Constitutional provision establishing the Supreme Court of India and specifying its composition and judge qualifications.

Article 126

Constitutional provision for the appointment of an Acting Chief Justice of India when the office is vacant or the CJI is unable to perform duties.

Article 127

Constitutional provision governing the appointment of an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court when there is an insufficient quorum.

Article 129

Constitutional provision declaring the Supreme Court to be a Court of Record with evidentiary value and contempt power.

Article 131

Constitutional provision granting exclusive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court over federal disputes involving the Union and States.

Article 32

Constitutional remedy granting the Supreme Court power to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

Habeas Corpus

Constitutional writ commanding the production of a detained person before the court to protect against unlawful detention.

Mandamus

Constitutional writ commanding a public authority to perform a legal or public duty.

Prohibition

Constitutional writ issued by a higher court to stop a lower court or tribunal from continuing proceedings beyond its jurisdiction.

Certiorari

Constitutional writ issued by a higher court to quash an order or proceeding of a lower court or tribunal.

Quo Warranto

Constitutional writ questioning the legal authority by which a person holds a public office.

Article 136

Constitutional provision empowering the Supreme Court to grant Special Leave Petition (SLP) against any judgment or order from any court or tribunal in India.

Article 137

Constitutional provision granting the Supreme Court the power to review its own judgments or orders.

Article 143

Constitutional provision governing the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court upon reference by the President.

Article 214

Constitutional provision establishing High Courts for States.

Article 215

Constitutional provision declaring High Courts as Courts of Record.

Article 226

Constitutional provision granting High Courts broad writ jurisdiction for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for other purposes.

Article 231

Constitutional provision enabling Parliament to establish a common High Court for two or more States or Union Territories.