Ap Bio Unit 1

Biology

the scientific study of life

Characteristics of all organisms

composed of a comon set of chemical elements, contain genetic information, extract energy from the enviornment, regulate internal enviornment, replicate genetic information, share sequence similarities in a fundamental set of genes, evolve through gradual changes in genetic information

exceptions to all organisms

virus:not considered living organisms, have no cells, no solo reproduction, no metabolism

nucleic acids

replication and provide a template

proteins

participation in molecular reactions

fatty acids

membrances to control and house tiny molecular reactions

cells

basic unit of life

photosynthetic prokaryotes

unicellular organism which breaks small molecules form environment into oxygen

oxygen production

evolution, aerobic metabolism, ozone, migration to land

Atomic building blocks of life

CHNOPs

cell specialization

generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body is allowed for different types of cells

cells can through cell specialization

increase in size, gathering resourcing, adapting-to specific environments

cell functions

regulate inertial environment, take in and use energy, respond to its environment, develop and maintain organization, give rise to cells

cell structure

enclosed by membrane, regulates passage if materials between the cells and its surroundings, use dna and RNA as their genetic info

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes., big cell swallowed small bacteria, live together small bacgeria gave energy photosynthesis, became part of big cell turned into mitochondria and chloroplasts

examples of endosymbiosis occuring

mitochondria, chloroplasts

evidence of endosymbiosis

membranes, antibiotics, division, dna, ribosomes

Organism

individual living thing

organ system

several organs that cooperate in a specific function

organ

composed of tissues and provide specific function

tissues

group of similar cells that performa. specific function

organelles

membrane bound structure that performs specific function in cell

types of experiments

controlled, comparative

element

cannot be broken down

matter

anything that takes up space, is an element

compound

2+ elements in a fixed ratio, is an element

emergent properties

characteristics different in compound from element

trace elements

required in minute amounts

potential energy

location and structure, distance, energy level, steps of fixed amounts

chemical behavior

distribution of electrons in electron shells

reactivity

presence of one unpaired electrons in the valence shell

ionic bonding

atoms strip electrons from their bonding partners creating ions

van der Waals forces

electrons distributed asymmetrically in molecules that enable all molecules or atoms to stick together

molecules shape is key for…

function, molecular recognition and response, biological effects

isomers

same formula but different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties

monomer

individual building blocks for longer molecules

polymer

long molecule consisting of many small building blocks, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

synthesis reactions

dehydration, hydrolysis

cohesion

force that allows water molecules to stick together bc of hydrogen bonding

adhesion

ability of molecules to stick to surfaces of different substances

properties of water

high specific heat, expansion, polarity, adhesion, heat sink density, ionic compounds, hydrophillic high heat vaporization, polar,

h bonding water properties

cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent

surface tension

measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

calorie

amount of heat required to raise temp of 1g of water by 1c

joule

unit of unergy, .239 cal

heat of vaporization

the heat a liquid must absorb for ig to be converted to gas

evaporative cooling

process that occurs as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

hydration shell

which occurs when an ionic compound is dissolved in water and is characterized by each ion being surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

characteristics of biological chemical reactions

solutions dissolved in water, depend of concentration of solutions

ocean acidifcation

h combine with carbonate ions to form bicarbonate ions, decreases ph, acidic

Functional group

A specific cluster of atoms (e.g., -OH, -COOH) that gives organic molecules their distinct chemical properties.

Ribose

A 5-carbon sugar (C₅H₁₀O₅) found in RNA and ATP.

Deoxyribose

A 5-carbon sugar (C₅H₁₀O₄) with one less oxygen than ribose; a key component of DNA.

Disaccharide

A sugar formed by two monosaccharides joined via a glycosidic bond (e.g., sucrose, lactose)., covalent bonding holding togeher 2 sugars

Complex carbohydrate

A polysaccharide made of long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).

Cell membrane/Plasma membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that encloses cells, controlling substance passage and maintaining cell integrity.

Triacylglycerol

A fat molecule consisting of three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol backbone.

Glycerol

A 3-carbon alcohol (C₃H₈O₃) that forms the core structure of lipids like triglycerides.

Fatty acid

A hydrocarbon chain ending with a carboxyl group (-COOH); saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (≥1 double bonds).

Saturated

Fatty acids with no C=C double bonds, packed tightly (e.g., butter).

Unsaturated

Fatty acids with ≥1 C=C double bonds, creating kinks (e.g., olive oil).

Van der Waals force

Weak attractions between nonpolar molecules due to transient electron fluctuations.

Steroid

A lipid with four fused carbon rings (e.g., cholesterol, hormones like estrogen).

Phospholipid

A lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, forming cell membranes.

monosaccharide

glucose, carbonol group location, number of carbons in carbon skeleton

polysaccharide

cellulose, starch, sugar monomers position of glycosidic limage, polyymers of sugars, storage of structure roles

starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose

glycogen

A storage polysaccharide, liver and muscle cells

cellulose

structure, tough wall of plant cells

chitin

fibrous, protective exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

lipids

diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

unifying characteristics of lipids

dont form polymers, little to no affinity with water, hydrophobic consist mosult of hydrocarbons , nonpolar covalent bonds

phospholipid strucutre

fasts separate from water because water molecules form h bonds

steroid structure

steroids are lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

structural components of a protein

amino acid, alpha carbon, r-group, carboxyl group

physical appearance and bond of primary structure

linear, peptide bond

physical appearance and bond of secondary structure

alpha beta sheets, peptide h bonds

physical appearance and bond of tertiary/quaternary structure

globular single proteins, multiple proteins

nucleotide components

nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group

Pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

purines

A, G

Nucleoside

sugar, nitrogenous base

sugar

deoxryiribose in DNA, ribose in RNA

DNA directs

own replication, synthesis of messenger RNA, through mRNA controls protein

DNA structural characteristics

nucleotides joined by covalent bonds between OH group on the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate 5' carbon on the next, backbone of sugar phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages

DNA nucleic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA composed of nucleotides?

yes

DNA nucleotides linked by phosphodister bonds

yes

DNA polarity

5' to 3'

DNA bases

A, T, C, G

DNA sugar

deoxyribose

DNA length

long

DNA structure

double stranded helix

DNA function

stores genetic information

RNA nucleic acid

ribonucleic acid

RNA composed of nucleotides?

yes

RNA polarity

5' to 3'

RNA bases

A, U, C, G

RNA sugar

ribose

RNA length

short