Literature Humanities Midterm

Title: The Odyssey

Author: Homer

Title: The Odyssey

Author: Homer

"I miss Odysseus; my heart is melting.

The suitors want to push me into marriage,

but I spin schemes. Some god first prompted me

to set my weaving in the hall and work

a long fine cloth. I said to all my suitors

'Although Odysseus is dead, postpone

requests for marriage till I finish weaving

this sheet to shroud Laertes when he dies."

Title and Author

Context:

- Penelope speaks to Odysseus in disguise, seeking information.

- Telemachus knows Odysseus's identity and plots to eliminate the suitors.

- Private conversation inside Odysseus's home.

"I miss Odysseus; my heart is melting.

The suitors want to push me into marriage,

but I spin schemes. Some god first prompted me

to set my weaving in the hall and work

a long fine cloth. I said to all my suitors

'Although Odysseus is dead, postpone

requests for marriage till I finish weaving

this sheet to shroud Laertes when he dies."

Context

Significance:

- Reveals the emotional impact of Odysseus's quest for "kleos" on family members.

- Redefines women's power in the Homeric world through Penelope's cunning.

- "I spin schemes" metaphor characterizes Penelope's intelligence and agency.

- Her weaving a shroud symbolizes her ability to manipulate the suitors.

"I miss Odysseus; my heart is melting.

The suitors want to push me into marriage,

but I spin schemes. Some god first prompted me

to set my weaving in the hall and work

a long fine cloth. I said to all my suitors

'Although Odysseus is dead, postpone

requests for marriage till I finish weaving

this sheet to shroud Laertes when he dies."

Significance

Close Reading:

- Penelope's words challenge gender stereotypes, highlighting her intelligence.

- The passage shows how women like Penelope can have significant agency in the epic.

"I miss Odysseus; my heart is melting.

The suitors want to push me into marriage,

but I spin schemes. Some god first prompted me

to set my weaving in the hall and work

a long fine cloth. I said to all my suitors

'Although Odysseus is dead, postpone

requests for marriage till I finish weaving

this sheet to shroud Laertes when he dies."

Close Reading

Title: The Odyssey

Author: Homer

“But I drew my sharp sword from my thigh and leapt at her as if I meant to kill her. She screamed and ducked beneath the sword, and grasped my knees”

Title and Author

Context:

- Odysseus and his crew land on Circe's island, Aeaea.

- Circe drugs and transforms his crew into swine using her wand.

- Odysseus is immune to her sorcery due to an antidote from Hermes.

- Odysseus must pretend to threaten Circe with his sword to gain her submission.

“But I drew my sharp sword from my thigh and leapt at her as if I meant to kill her. She screamed and ducked beneath the sword, and grasped my knees”

Context

Significance:

- Explores Greek values of "kleos" (glory) and "nostos" (homecoming).

- Highlights a conflict between male honor and female divinity.

- Circe's actions challenge traditional gender roles and power dynamics.

- Odysseus and Hermes work to restore the hierarchical balance, reinforcing normative roles.

“But I drew my sharp sword from my thigh and leapt at her as if I meant to kill her. She screamed and ducked beneath the sword, and grasped my knees”

Significance

Close Reading:

- The passage involves phallic imagery and a metaphorical power struggle.

- Circe's transformation of the crew into swine disrupts Greek values of glory and heroism.

- Her seductive sorcery undermines the crew's desire for homecoming.

- Odysseus's feigned threat with the sword reasserts traditional male authority and power.

“But I drew my sharp sword from my thigh and leapt at her as if I meant to kill her. She screamed and ducked beneath the sword, and grasped my knees”

Close Reading

Title: The Odyssey

Author: Homer

"Just so, Odysseus

had blood all over him—from hands to feet.

Seeing the corpses, seeing all that blood,

so great a deed of violence, she began

to crow. Odysseus told her to stop

and spoke with fluent words"

Title and Author

Context:

- Odysseus has returned to Ithaca and slaughtered Penelope's suitors.

- Eurykleia, his honored slave woman, praises him for this act.

"Just so, Odysseus

had blood all over him—from hands to feet.

Seeing the corpses, seeing all that blood,

so great a deed of violence, she began

to crow. Odysseus told her to stop

and spoke with fluent words"

Context

Significance:

- The passage exemplifies Odysseus' pursuit of "kleos" (honor) and his embodiment of manliness through defeating his enemies.

- It reinforces the idea that while victory in battle is honorable, boasting or "crowing" about it is not.

- This passage reflects the hierarchical power dynamics between men and women in the Homeric world.

- Eurykleia, as a slave, finds agency through praising Odysseus rather than her own accomplishments.

"Just so, Odysseus

had blood all over him—from hands to feet.

Seeing the corpses, seeing all that blood,

so great a deed of violence, she began

to crow. Odysseus told her to stop

and spoke with fluent words"

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Warlike imagery, such as "blood all over him," portrays Odysseus as a powerful and manly hero.

- It underscores the physical toll and the symbolic elevation of Odysseus as a man through the adornment of his enemies' lifeblood.

- The passage focuses on Odysseus' accomplishments and "great deed of violence," as seen through Eurykleia's perspective, suggesting her role as his property and her celebration of his manliness.

- Eurykleia's "crowing" serves to praise Odysseus, while his admonishment for her to stop reinforces his authority and her subordinate role in the hierarchy.

"Just so, Odysseus

had blood all over him—from hands to feet.

Seeing the corpses, seeing all that blood,

so great a deed of violence, she began

to crow. Odysseus told her to stop

and spoke with fluent words"

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho

Author: Sappho

"For many crowns of violets

and roses

] at my side you put on

and many woven garlands

made of flowers

around your soft throat."

Title and Author

Context:

- Sappho reflects on a past relationship, reminiscing about the good times shared with her ex-lover.

"For many crowns of violets

and roses

] at my side you put on

and many woven garlands

made of flowers

around your soft throat."

Context

Significance:

- The poem delves into intense feelings of queer love, a recurring theme in Sappho's poetry.

- It explores the emotions surrounding the end of a relationship with another woman.

- The floral imagery is a hallmark of Sappho's style and often represents relationships between women.

- It may also serve to criticize the societal perspective on queer relationships in ancient Greece.

"For many crowns of violets

and roses

] at my side you put on

and many woven garlands

made of flowers

around your soft throat."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The passage heavily employs floral imagery, a distinctive feature of Sappho's writing.

- The mention of "crowns of violets" could symbolize aristocratic status or wealth, as violet dye was rare and expensive at the time.

- The reference to roses may allude to the Muses and their art, symbolized by roses.

- The "garlands made of flowers" around her lover's throat could represent a symbol of commitment between the two, lamented by Sappho as lost in their relationship.

"For many crowns of violets

and roses

] at my side you put on

and many woven garlands

made of flowers

around your soft throat."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho

Author: Sappho

"Some men say an army of horses and some men say an army on foot

and some men say an army of ships is the most beautiful thing

on the black earth. But I say it is

what you love.

Easy to make this understood by all.

For she who overcame everyone

in beauty (Helen)

left her fine husband"

Title and Author

Context:

- Sappho discusses the power of love, comparing it to various forces, including armies and the story of Helen.

"Some men say an army of horses and some men say an army on foot

and some men say an army of ships is the most beautiful thing

on the black earth. But I say it is

what you love.

Easy to make this understood by all.

For she who overcame everyone

in beauty (Helen)

left her fine husband"

Context

Significance:

- Explores the dual nature of love, which is both revolutionary and destructive.

- Love is portrayed as a force more beautiful and powerful than traditional tools of subjugation, like armies.

- The reference to Helen leaving her husband (Menelaus) for love with Paris highlights love's capacity to lead to destruction and chaos.

"Some men say an army of horses and some men say an army on foot

and some men say an army of ships is the most beautiful thing

on the black earth. But I say it is

what you love.

Easy to make this understood by all.

For she who overcame everyone

in beauty (Helen)

left her fine husband"

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Sappho employs allusion to the Trojan War to shift the focus from traditional power structures to the idea that love can be a potent force.

- By connecting love to Helen's actions, which sparked the Trojan War, she emphasizes the idea that love can be so powerful that it causes destruction.

- The use of figurative language in this fragment challenges the conventional view that war and violence are the ultimate forms of power by asserting that love, too, holds a significant place in this hierarchy.

"Some men say an army of horses and some men say an army on foot

and some men say an army of ships is the most beautiful thing

on the black earth. But I say it is

what you love.

Easy to make this understood by all.

For she who overcame everyone

in beauty (Helen)

left her fine husband"

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho

Author: Sappho

"Deathless Aphrodite of the spangled mind,

child of Zeus, who twists lures, I beg you

do not break with hard pains,

O lady, my heart

but come here if ever before

you caught my voice far off

and listening left your father’s

golden house and came"

Title and Author

Context:

- Sappho addresses Aphrodite, the goddess of love, in a conversation.

- She invites Aphrodite into a relationship and presents herself as submissive.

- Sappho seeks Aphrodite's assistance and acknowledges their personal connection.

"Deathless Aphrodite of the spangled mind,

child of Zeus, who twists lures, I beg you

do not break with hard pains,

O lady, my heart

but come here if ever before

you caught my voice far off

and listening left your father’s

golden house and came"

Context

Significance:

- Explores Sappho's intimate relationship with divinity, specifically Aphrodite.

- Sappho adopts a casual tone, highlighting her perceived closeness to Aphrodite.

- Emphasizes the fluidity of love, as Sappho seeks help from the goddess of love.

- Illustrates Sappho's intense emotions, central to her poetry, and her view of love as non-restrictive.

"Deathless Aphrodite of the spangled mind,

child of Zeus, who twists lures, I beg you

do not break with hard pains,

O lady, my heart

but come here if ever before

you caught my voice far off

and listening left your father’s

golden house and came"

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Reproductive imagery is used when Sappho asks Aphrodite not to forsake her duty of creating love and forming relationships.

- The conversational and casual tone suggests a close relationship with Aphrodite.

- The invitation for Aphrodite to "come here" and the idea that Aphrodite might have heard Sappho's voice from afar indicates their personal connection.

- Sappho's connection to the divine, particularly Aphrodite, symbolizes the depth of emotions central to her poetry and her perception of love as flexible and all-encompassing.

"Deathless Aphrodite of the spangled mind,

child of Zeus, who twists lures, I beg you

do not break with hard pains,

O lady, my heart

but come here if ever before

you caught my voice far off

and listening left your father’s

golden house and came"

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho

Author: Sappho

"virginity

virginity

where are you gone leaving me behind?

no longer will I come to you

no longer will I come"

Title and Author

Context:

- Sappho addresses her lost virginity, speaking to it as if it were a person who has left her behind.

- She expresses a sense of longing and sadness about the departure of her virginity.

"virginity

virginity

where are you gone leaving me behind?

no longer will I come to you

no longer will I come"

Context

Significance:

- Highlights the recurring theme in Sappho's poetry of longing for lost innocence and purity.

- Explores Sappho's deep connection with her feminine sexuality and the concept of beauty.

- Demonstrates Sappho's willingness to openly discuss and reclaim female sexuality.

"virginity

virginity

where are you gone leaving me behind?

no longer will I come to you

no longer will I come"

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The personification of virginity and Sappho's direct address to it convey her belief that her innocence has been taken away, possibly due to personal experiences of heartbreak.

- The poem suggests that Sappho misses the purity she once had before entering into relationships, emphasizing the sense of loss associated with love and innocence.

- Sappho uses the personification of virginity to convey the fleeting nature of love and innocence and the feelings of longing and loss that come with it.

"virginity

virginity

where are you gone leaving me behind?

no longer will I come to you

no longer will I come"

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho

Author: Sappho

"Dead you will lie and never memory of you

will there be nor desire into aftertime --for you do not

share in the roses

of Pieria, but invisible too in Hades' house

you will go your way among dim shapes. Having been breathed out."

Title and Author

Context:

- Sappho discusses the concept of death and addresses an indiscriminate 'you' in this fragment.

- She emphasizes the idea of death as both physical and existential, involving the loss of memory and cultural legacy.

"Dead you will lie and never memory of you

will there be nor desire into aftertime --for you do not

share in the roses

of Pieria, but invisible too in Hades' house

you will go your way among dim shapes. Having been breathed out."

Context

Significance:

- This passage connects to Sappho's recurring theme of death and its existential aspects.

- Sappho defines death as a duality, where individuals can die physically and existentially if they are not remembered.

- The use of the indiscriminate 'you' highlights the universality of the theme, suggesting that everyone faces the possibility of dying twice, physically and existentially.

"Dead you will lie and never memory of you

will there be nor desire into aftertime --for you do not

share in the roses

of Pieria, but invisible too in Hades' house

you will go your way among dim shapes. Having been breathed out."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Sappho employs the motif of the "roses of Pieria" to symbolize artistic expression and the Muses' inspiration. Those who lack this artistic or poetic creativity are suggested to be excluded from this shared realm.

- By alluding to Hades' house in the underworld, Sappho connects her theme of death to the Homeric universe, where only those who achieved kleos or fame in life were remembered in the afterlife.

- The use of 'you' serves as a universal message, implying that those who do not contribute to cultural memory through art or fame may experience a dual death, where they are forgotten both physically and existentially.

"Dead you will lie and never memory of you

will there be nor desire into aftertime --for you do not

share in the roses

of Pieria, but invisible too in Hades' house

you will go your way among dim shapes. Having been breathed out."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: The Iliad

Author: Homer

"[...] now they are fighting over his body which is naked. Hektor of the shining helm has taken his armor. He spoke, and the black cloud of sorrow closed on Achilleus."

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage describes Achilles being informed of Patroklos's death, which motivates him to action.

- Patroklos, Achilles' beloved friend, was killed by Hector, the Trojan Army leader.

- The Iliad explores themes of emotion, grief, and their ability to drive action, as Achilles transforms his sorrow into a vengeful pursuit.

"[...] now they are fighting over his body which is naked. Hektor of the shining helm has taken his armor. He spoke, and the black cloud of sorrow closed on Achilleus."

Context

Significance:

- This moment signifies the power of emotion and grief in shaping the characters' actions in the Iliad.

- Achilles had previously withdrawn from the war due to a dispute with Agamemnon, but Patroklos's death sparks his intense desire for vengeance, setting the stage for his return to battle.

- The emotional connection between Achilles and Patroklos hints at homoerotic undertones in the epic.

"[...] now they are fighting over his body which is naked. Hektor of the shining helm has taken his armor. He spoke, and the black cloud of sorrow closed on Achilleus."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The metaphor "Black cloud of sorrow" portrays Achilles' overwhelming emotions, suggesting he is holding back an outpouring of grief.

- The metaphor underscores the magnitude of Achilles' sorrow, equating it to a cloud about to release a downpour of tears.

- Achilles' emotional reaction is significant in the context of the Iliad, where emotional displays were often associated with cowardice and unmanliness. His willingness to express his grief showcases the depth of his bond with Patroklos and foreshadows his quest for retribution.

"[...] now they are fighting over his body which is naked. Hektor of the shining helm has taken his armor. He spoke, and the black cloud of sorrow closed on Achilleus."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Iliad

Author: Homer

"O great shamelessness, we followed, to do you favor, /you with the dogs' eyes, to win you honor and Menelaos'" from the Trojans. You forget all this or else you care nothing. /

And now my prize you threaten in person to strip from me, / for whom I labored much, the gift of the sons of the Achaians."

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage takes place when Achilles confronts Agamemnon over the seizure of his war prize, Briseis.

- Agamemnon had taken Briseis after losing his own war prize, Chryseis, due to the influence of the gods.

- Achilles is deeply angered by Agamemnon's actions and feels that his contributions to the war deserve recognition and better treatment.

"O great shamelessness, we followed, to do you favor, /you with the dogs' eyes, to win you honor and Menelaos'" from the Trojans. You forget all this or else you care nothing. /

And now my prize you threaten in person to strip from me, / for whom I labored much, the gift of the sons of the Achaians."

Context

Significance:

- This passage highlights the central theme of rage in the Iliad, particularly the intense anger that consumes Achilles.

- It sets the stage for Achilles' response, which includes his temporary withdrawal from the war and his desire for revenge against Agamemnon.

- It reflects the idea of honor (kleos) and recognition as Achilles confronts Agamemnon for not respecting his contributions to the war.

"O great shamelessness, we followed, to do you favor, /you with the dogs' eyes, to win you honor and Menelaos'" from the Trojans. You forget all this or else you care nothing. /

And now my prize you threaten in person to strip from me, / for whom I labored much, the gift of the sons of the Achaians."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Achilles uses a metaphor when he refers to Agamemnon as "you with the dogs' eyes," which is a derogatory comparison.

- The metaphor implies that Agamemnon's actions are base, untrustworthy, and disloyal, equating him with a lowly and undesirable animal, thus damaging his reputation and honor.

- The comparison of Agamemnon to a dog reflects the Iliad's recurring theme of insults and threats involving dogs as symbols of dishonor and degradation. By doing so, Achilles attempts to strike at Agamemnon's reputation and authority.

"O great shamelessness, we followed, to do you favor, /you with the dogs' eyes, to win you honor and Menelaos'" from the Trojans. You forget all this or else you care nothing. /

And now my prize you threaten in person to strip from me, / for whom I labored much, the gift of the sons of the Achaians."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Iliad

Author: Homer

“[...]Either,

if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,

my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;

but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,

the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long life

left for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.”

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage takes place during the ongoing Trojan War.

- Achilles is contemplating the choice between two distinct paths: one leading to everlasting glory but an early death, and the other offering a long life but a less glorious legacy.

- Achilles' decision not to fight alongside the Greeks due to a dispute with Agamemnon has created a significant dilemma.

“[...]Either,

if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,

my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;

but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,

the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long life

left for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.”

Context

Significance:

- The passage exemplifies one of the central themes of the Iliad: the pursuit of glory (kleos) versus the desire for a long life.

- It highlights Achilles' internal conflict and the weight of his decisions, which will significantly impact the events of the epic.

- Achilles, who is aware of his fate and potential immortality through kleos, is depicted as a complex character torn between two stark choices.

“[...]Either,

if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,

my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;

but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,

the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long life

left for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.”

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Achilles uses a conditional structure to lay out his choices, reflecting the gravity of his decision. He contemplates the outcomes of his actions in a rational and self-aware manner.

- The reference to glory as "everlasting" represents the idealized notion of kleos, a form of immortality attained through heroic deeds.

- The passage encapsulates the epic's overarching theme of the tension between immortality through glory and the desire for a long, comfortable life. Achilles is acutely aware of the implications of his choice on his fate.

“[...]Either,

if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,

my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;

but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,

the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long life

left for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.”

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Iliad

Author: Homer

"Then in anger Aphrodite the shining spoke to her:

‘Wretched girl, do not tease me lest in anger I forsake you

and grow to hate you as much as now I terribly love you,

lest I encompass you in hard hate, caught between both sides,

Danaans and Trojans alike, and you wretchedly perish."

Title and Author

Context:

- The passage occurs during a crucial moment in the story when Helen is coerced into returning to Paris after expressing her reluctance.

- It is a continuation of the situation involving Paris, Menelaus, and Helen, which is central to the plot.

- Aphrodite's intervention plays a key role in the unfolding events.

"Then in anger Aphrodite the shining spoke to her:

‘Wretched girl, do not tease me lest in anger I forsake you

and grow to hate you as much as now I terribly love you,

lest I encompass you in hard hate, caught between both sides,

Danaans and Trojans alike, and you wretchedly perish."

Context

Significance:

- The passage illustrates the power dynamics and the objectification of women in the Homeric society, as even goddesses like Aphrodite contribute to maintaining the patriarchal status quo.

- It reflects how mortal women were often seen as property and lacked true agency, a perspective shared by both men and deities in this society.

- The parallel between the conflict over Helen and the dispute between Achilles and Agamemnon over Briseis underscores the subjugation of women in different contexts within the epic.

"Then in anger Aphrodite the shining spoke to her:

‘Wretched girl, do not tease me lest in anger I forsake you

and grow to hate you as much as now I terribly love you,

lest I encompass you in hard hate, caught between both sides,

Danaans and Trojans alike, and you wretchedly perish."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Aphrodite symbolizes the societal norms and pressures that subjugate women and limit their free will, highlighting their lack of agency.

- This scene demonstrates Helen's position as a captive, metaphorically imprisoned by the expectations and objectification imposed on her by the male-dominated society.

- Alternatively, Aphrodite can represent the temptation that controls Helen, emphasizing the struggle between her desires and societal norms, which diminish her agency.

"Then in anger Aphrodite the shining spoke to her:

‘Wretched girl, do not tease me lest in anger I forsake you

and grow to hate you as much as now I terribly love you,

lest I encompass you in hard hate, caught between both sides,

Danaans and Trojans alike, and you wretchedly perish."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Song of Songs

Author: Unknown

"[...]I sought him but found him not; I called him, but he gave no answer. I would rise now and go about the city, in the streets, and in the squares; I would seek him whom my soul loves."

Title and Author

Context:

- The passage occurs in a paradise-like setting where a woman is searching for her beloved.

- The presence of gates provides protection and establishes a sense of sacredness in this context.

"[...]I sought him but found him not; I called him, but he gave no answer. I would rise now and go about the city, in the streets, and in the squares; I would seek him whom my soul loves."

Context

Significance:

- The passage embodies a central theme in Song of Songs, illustrating the idea that love is a divine gift transcending all boundaries and a universal connection to God.

- The woman's journey to leave paradise and venture into the world symbolizes the human soul's quest for connection, not only with mortals but also with the divine.

- It highlights the duality of love, which can be a sanctuary of safety and a realm of potential danger, reflecting the complexities and uncertainties of life and love.

"[...]I sought him but found him not; I called him, but he gave no answer. I would rise now and go about the city, in the streets, and in the squares; I would seek him whom my soul loves."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The passage metaphorically portrays the dual nature of love as both a sanctuary and a source of potential danger.

- The city represents the world outside, symbolizing life's complexities, uncertainties, and pitfalls.

- The "paradise" where the woman begins serves as a metaphor for the sanctuary of love, offering solace, security, and an unblemished connection between the bride and bridegroom.

- Love can be a refuge, providing safety, but it can also beckon individuals to venture into the chaotic world, seeking deeper connections and experiences.

"[...]I sought him but found him not; I called him, but he gave no answer. I would rise now and go about the city, in the streets, and in the squares; I would seek him whom my soul loves."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Song of Songs

Author: Unknown

“I am black and beautiful,

O daughters of Jerusalem,

like the tents of Kedar,

like the curtains of Solomon.

Do not gaze at me because I am dark,

because the sun has gazed on me."

Title and Author

Context:

- The bride addresses the daughters of Jerusalem, expressing her self-perception and self-identity.

- The bride takes pride in her physical appearance, particularly her dark skin, celebrating diversity.

“I am black and beautiful,

O daughters of Jerusalem,

like the tents of Kedar,

like the curtains of Solomon.

Do not gaze at me because I am dark,

because the sun has gazed on me."

Context

Significance:

- The passage conveys essential themes of self-identity, connection to nature, and acceptance.

- It emphasizes the idea that God's creations are perfect, regardless of their skin color, and that God's love is all-encompassing.

“I am black and beautiful,

O daughters of Jerusalem,

like the tents of Kedar,

like the curtains of Solomon.

Do not gaze at me because I am dark,

because the sun has gazed on me."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The passage features a simile in the bride's comparisons of herself to "the tents of Kedar" and "the curtains of Solomon," using these similes to highlight her own beauty.

- These similes enrich her self-description, adding depth and vividness to her expression.

- The bride's dark skin is a symbol of her uniqueness, individuality, and defiance of societal beauty standards.

- It also symbolizes her harmonious connection to nature and the acceptance of her natural self.

“I am black and beautiful,

O daughters of Jerusalem,

like the tents of Kedar,

like the curtains of Solomon.

Do not gaze at me because I am dark,

because the sun has gazed on me."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Song of Songs

Author: Unknown

"As an apple tree among the trees of the wood. So is my beloved among young men. With great delight I sat in his shadow, and his fruit was sweet to my taste."

Title and Author

Context:

- The passage portrays a passionate relationship between a man and a woman, but there are no specific characters or plot surrounding the excerpt.

"As an apple tree among the trees of the wood. So is my beloved among young men. With great delight I sat in his shadow, and his fruit was sweet to my taste."

Context

Significance:

- The core theme in this passage emphasizes the physical and sensual aspects of the romantic relationship between the man and the woman.

- The language and metaphors used highlight the intense desire and attraction they have for each other, portraying their love in a physical and tangible manner.

"As an apple tree among the trees of the wood. So is my beloved among young men. With great delight I sat in his shadow, and his fruit was sweet to my taste."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The metaphor "his fruit was sweet to my taste" conveys the depth of desire and longing in the woman's relationship with her beloved.

- The metaphor compares the man's body to something desirable and irresistible, just like the sweetness of fruit.

- This metaphor adds an erotic dimension to the relationship but can also be interpreted symbolically, representing the intensity of the woman's spiritual connection or devotion to her beloved or a divine figure, which brings its own kind of sweetness or fulfillment.

"As an apple tree among the trees of the wood. So is my beloved among young men. With great delight I sat in his shadow, and his fruit was sweet to my taste."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Song of Songs

Author: Unknown

"Many waters cannot quench love,

neither can floods drown it.

If one offered for love,

all the wealth of one's house,

it would be utterly scorned."

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage occurs towards the end of the story when the female protagonist is expressing the depth of her love for the male protagonist.

- The passage emphasizes the unquenchable and enduring nature of their love, comparing it to natural elements.

"Many waters cannot quench love,

neither can floods drown it.

If one offered for love,

all the wealth of one's house,

it would be utterly scorned."

Context

Significance:

- The core theme highlighted in this passage is the indomitable and enduring nature of love.

- It underlines the idea that true love is more powerful than any external force, be it floods, wealth, or societal expectations.

- The passage suggests that love, whether in human relationships or in a spiritual context, is an unwavering force that transcends material possessions and challenges.

"Many waters cannot quench love,

neither can floods drown it.

If one offered for love,

all the wealth of one's house,

it would be utterly scorned."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The metaphors used in this passage, such as "many waters cannot quench love" and "floods cannot drown it," compare love to the uncontrollable power of water, highlighting its unyielding and unstoppable nature.

- The reference to "offering all the wealth of one's house" symbolizes material wealth and status, implying that love is far more valuable than riches.

- This passage uses strong metaphors to emphasize that love is an enduring and unbreakable force, suggesting that it can overcome any obstacle or temptation, both in human relationships and in a spiritual context, where it may symbolize divine love or devotion.

"Many waters cannot quench love,

neither can floods drown it.

If one offered for love,

all the wealth of one's house,

it would be utterly scorned."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Song of Songs

Author: Unknown

"Your neck is like the tower of David,

built in courses;

on it hang a thousand bucklers,

all of them shields of warriors.

Your two breasts are like two fawns,

twins of a gazelle"

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage occurs in the Song of Songs, a poetic text that speaks of passionate love and desire between a man and a woman.

- In this specific section, the man is expressing his admiration and love for the woman, focusing on her physical attributes.

"Your neck is like the tower of David,

built in courses;

on it hang a thousand bucklers,

all of them shields of warriors.

Your two breasts are like two fawns,

twins of a gazelle"

Context

Significance:

- The core theme in this passage is the expression of intense desire, admiration, and love.

- The woman's beauty is celebrated through vivid and intricate descriptions, creating an atmosphere of passion and longing.

"Your neck is like the tower of David,

built in courses;

on it hang a thousand bucklers,

all of them shields of warriors.

Your two breasts are like two fawns,

twins of a gazelle"

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- In this passage, the man uses vivid metaphors and similes to praise the woman's physical features. He compares her neck to the "tower of David," symbolizing strength, protection, and the idea of being the focal point of attention.

- The reference to a thousand bucklers and shields of warriors emphasizes the idea of fortification and protection, highlighting the woman's significance and the desire to safeguard her.

- The metaphorical comparison of the woman's breasts to "two fawns, twins of a gazelle" is a poetic way of expressing their attractiveness and grace. Fawns and gazelles are often seen as symbols of beauty and delicacy in ancient literature.

"Your neck is like the tower of David,

built in courses;

on it hang a thousand bucklers,

all of them shields of warriors.

Your two breasts are like two fawns,

twins of a gazelle"

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Genesis

Author: Unknown

"When

I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is

seen in the clouds, I will remember my

covenant that is between me and you and every

living creature of all flesh; and the waters

shall never again become a flood to destroy

all flesh"

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage is set in the book of Genesis, right after the great flood that Noah and his family survived by building the ark and taking two of each animal.

- In this context, God is making a covenant with Noah and his descendants after the flood.

"When

I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is

seen in the clouds, I will remember my

covenant that is between me and you and every

living creature of all flesh; and the waters

shall never again become a flood to destroy

all flesh"

Context

Significance:

- The core themes in this passage are the covenant between God and humanity and the idea of divine promise.

- It highlights the concept of God's mercy and the establishment of a promise that the world will never be destroyed by a flood again.

"When

I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is

seen in the clouds, I will remember my

covenant that is between me and you and every

living creature of all flesh; and the waters

shall never again become a flood to destroy

all flesh"

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The mention of the rainbow is a powerful metaphor. The rainbow serves as a visual sign, symbolizing the divine promise. It is a beautiful and natural occurrence in the sky, indicating a harmonious relationship between the divine and the earthly realm.

- The rainbow's appearance after a storm is a symbol of hope and reassurance, signifying that the turmoil has passed. It represents the idea that even after divine punishment, there is room for mercy and a new beginning.

- The use of figurative language in this passage conveys the idea of a divine covenant in a vivid and memorable way. The rainbow is not just a meteorological phenomenon but a symbol of God's enduring promise, a visual representation of the relationship between the divine and humanity. It suggests that even in moments of divine wrath, there is room for forgiveness and redemption.

"When

I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is

seen in the clouds, I will remember my

covenant that is between me and you and every

living creature of all flesh; and the waters

shall never again become a flood to destroy

all flesh"

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Genesis

Author: Unknown

"Then the Lord rained on Sodom and

Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the Lord out of

heaven; and he overthrew those cities, and

all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the

cities, and what grew on the ground. But

Lot’s wife, behind him, looked back, and she

became a pillar of salt."

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage occurs in the book of Genesis after Abraham's nephew Lot is saved from the city of Sodom.

- The passage describes the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and the fate of Lot's wife.

"Then the Lord rained on Sodom and

Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the Lord out of

heaven; and he overthrew those cities, and

all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the

cities, and what grew on the ground. But

Lot’s wife, behind him, looked back, and she

became a pillar of salt."

Context

Significance:

- The core themes explored in this fragment are divine judgment and the consequences of disobedience.

- It highlights God's power and authority to pass judgment on human behavior and the severe consequences that can follow.

"Then the Lord rained on Sodom and

Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the Lord out of

heaven; and he overthrew those cities, and

all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the

cities, and what grew on the ground. But

Lot’s wife, behind him, looked back, and she

became a pillar of salt."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The use of sulfur and fire as destructive elements is symbolic of God's wrath. The passage describes how God "rained sulfur and fire" upon the cities, emphasizing the destructive and punishing nature of this act.

- The transformation of Lot's wife into a pillar of salt serves as a striking metaphor for the consequences of disobedience. Looking back at the destruction symbolizes disobedience to God's command, resulting in a severe and irreversible punishment.

- The figurative language used in this passage underscores the notion of divine justice and the consequences of human actions. It portrays God as a powerful and just authority, capable of both judgment and punishment.

"Then the Lord rained on Sodom and

Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the Lord out of

heaven; and he overthrew those cities, and

all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the

cities, and what grew on the ground. But

Lot’s wife, behind him, looked back, and she

became a pillar of salt."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Genesis

Author: Unknown

"So when the

woman saw that the tree was good for food,

and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that

the tree was to be desires to make one wise,

she took of its fruit and ate; and she also gave

some to her husband, who was with her, and

he ate. Then he eyes of both were opened,

and they knew that they were naked; and

they sewed fig leaves together and made

loincloths for themselves."

Title and Author

Context:

- This passage takes place in the Garden of Eden and involves Eve's temptation to eat from the forbidden tree.

"So when the

woman saw that the tree was good for food,

and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that

the tree was to be desires to make one wise,

she took of its fruit and ate; and she also gave

some to her husband, who was with her, and

he ate. Then he eyes of both were opened,

and they knew that they were naked; and

they sewed fig leaves together and made

loincloths for themselves."

Context

Significance:

- The core themes explored in this fragment are disobedience, the consequences of human actions, and the loss of innocence.

- It highlights how human disobedience leads to a change in their understanding of right and wrong, their vulnerability, and the need for covering their nakedness.

"So when the

woman saw that the tree was good for food,

and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that

the tree was to be desires to make one wise,

she took of its fruit and ate; and she also gave

some to her husband, who was with her, and

he ate. Then he eyes of both were opened,

and they knew that they were naked; and

they sewed fig leaves together and made

loincloths for themselves."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The forbidden tree and its fruit symbolize temptation and the allure of acquiring knowledge and wisdom.

- Eating the fruit represents disobedience and the act of going against divine command. It signifies the moment when Adam and Eve chose to disobey God's instructions.

- The sewing of fig leaves together to make loincloths is symbolic of their realization of vulnerability and a loss of innocence. It represents their awareness of their own nakedness, which becomes a source of shame and modesty.

- This passage uses figurative language to convey profound concepts of human nature, free will, and the consequences of disobedience. It illustrates how a single act of defiance can lead to a fundamental shift in one's understanding of the world and one's place in it.

"So when the

woman saw that the tree was good for food,

and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that

the tree was to be desires to make one wise,

she took of its fruit and ate; and she also gave

some to her husband, who was with her, and

he ate. Then he eyes of both were opened,

and they knew that they were naked; and

they sewed fig leaves together and made

loincloths for themselves."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: Genesis

Author: Unknown

"But the angel of the Lord called to him from

heaven, and said, "Abraham, Abraham!" And

he said, "Here I am." He said, Do not lay

your hand on the boy or do anything to him;

for now I know that you fear God, since you

have not withheld your son, your only son,

from me."

Title and Author

Context:

- Abraham is on the verge of sacrificing his son, Isaac, as a test of his devotion to God.

"But the angel of the Lord called to him from

heaven, and said, "Abraham, Abraham!" And

he said, "Here I am." He said, Do not lay

your hand on the boy or do anything to him;

for now I know that you fear God, since you

have not withheld your son, your only son,

from me."

Context

Significance:

- Highlights themes of faith, obedience, and the test of human devotion to God.

- Demonstrates Abraham's unwavering faith and willingness to obey God's command, which includes sacrificing his own son.

- Raises questions about the nature of faith and the extent of human obedience to divine instructions.

"But the angel of the Lord called to him from

heaven, and said, "Abraham, Abraham!" And

he said, "Here I am." He said, Do not lay

your hand on the boy or do anything to him;

for now I know that you fear God, since you

have not withheld your son, your only son,

from me."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- God's intervention to spare Isaac symbolizes divine mercy and a relief from the impending sacrifice.

- The statement, "for now I know that you fear God," emphasizes the test of Abraham's reverence for God and the relationship between God and humanity.

- Abraham's response, "Here I am," showcases his immediate willingness to comply with God's command and his loyalty.

"But the angel of the Lord called to him from

heaven, and said, "Abraham, Abraham!" And

he said, "Here I am." He said, Do not lay

your hand on the boy or do anything to him;

for now I know that you fear God, since you

have not withheld your son, your only son,

from me."

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: The Exaltation of Inanna

Author: Enheduanna

I am Enheduana, I

am the high priestess.

I carried the basket

of offerings, I sang

the hymns of joy.

Now they bring me

funeral gifts—am I

no longer living?

Title and Author

Context:

- Enheduana, the high priestess, reflects on her transformation following an assault by Lugulanne.

- She expresses the stark contrast between her life as a revered high priestess and her post-assault existence.

I am Enheduana, I

am the high priestess.

I carried the basket

of offerings, I sang

the hymns of joy.

Now they bring me

funeral gifts—am I

no longer living?

Context

Significance:

- Explores the shift in Enheduana's identity and status, highlighting the consequences of the assault.

- Raises questions about societal attitudes towards victims of assault and the devaluation of women's roles and lives.

- Addresses the violation of sacredness when a high priestess like Enheduana is assaulted.

I am Enheduana, I

am the high priestess.

I carried the basket

of offerings, I sang

the hymns of joy.

Now they bring me

funeral gifts—am I

no longer living?

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- The contrast in her language between her past role and her present situation symbolizes the drastic change in her life.

- The use of funeral gifts implies that her former self has died in some way, emphasizing the trauma's impact on her identity.

- The transition from an active voice to a passive one reflects her loss of agency and power after the assault.

I am Enheduana, I

am the high priestess.

I carried the basket

of offerings, I sang

the hymns of joy.

Now they bring me

funeral gifts—am I

no longer living?

Figurative Language Analysis

Title: The Exaltation of Inana

Author: Enheduana

"I went to the light,

but the light burned

me; I went to the

shadow, but it was

shrouded in storms.

My honey-mouth

is full of froth, my

soothing words are

turned to dust."

Title and Author

Context:

- Enheduana is expressing her distress and loss of power as a high priestess after experiencing an assault by Lugal-Ane.

- She reflects on the deterioration of her abilities and the impact on her role in society.

"I went to the light,

but the light burned

me; I went to the

shadow, but it was

shrouded in storms.

My honey-mouth

is full of froth, my

soothing words are

turned to dust."

Context

Significance:

- The passage highlights the profound personal and societal consequences of losing her status as a high priestess.

- It addresses themes of power, identity, and resilience in the face of adversity.

- Enheduana's lament portrays her sense of isolation and her struggle to find her place in society after her trauma.

"I went to the light,

but the light burned

me; I went to the

shadow, but it was

shrouded in storms.

My honey-mouth

is full of froth, my

soothing words are

turned to dust."

Significance

Close Reading Analysis:

- The passage conveys Enheduana's dilemma, where she can neither fully return to her former role ("the light") nor escape society ("the shadow").

- Her description of her "honey-mouth" turning to "froth" and her "soothing words" becoming "dust" symbolizes the loss of her spiritual and priestly abilities.

- The repetition of contrasting elements, like "light" and "shadow," "froth" and "dust," reinforces her sense of disorientation and despair.

- This passage sets the stage for her plea to the gods, highlighting her deep inner conflict and the profound transformation she has experienced. It reflects her struggle to regain her place and power within her society.

"I went to the light,

but the light burned

me; I went to the

shadow, but it was

shrouded in storms.

My honey-mouth

is full of froth, my

soothing words are

turned to dust."

Close Reading Analysis

Title: The Exaltation of Inana

Author: Enheduana

"...you were

born to be a second-

rate ruler, but now!

How far you surpass

all the greatest gods;

they press their lips

to the dust beneath

you."

Title and Author

Context:

- Enheduana praises the goddess Inana's extraordinary power.

- Inana has surpassed her original status among the gods.

- Enheduana's praise of Inana serves as both celebration and a plea for help with the Lugul-Ane situation.

"...you were

born to be a second-

rate ruler, but now!

How far you surpass

all the greatest gods;

they press their lips

to the dust beneath

you."

Context

Significance:

- This passage highlights themes of divine hierarchy and the divine feminine.

- Enheduana attempts to elevate Inana's standing among the gods, emphasizing her supremacy.

- It is a rhetorical tool, seeking Inana's favor for resolving earthly troubles.

"...you were

born to be a second-

rate ruler, but now!

How far you surpass

all the greatest gods;

they press their lips

to the dust beneath

you."

Significance

Figurative Language Analysis:

- Vivid imagery emphasizes Inana's ascent to greatness, with the other gods humbling themselves before her.

- The phrase "press their lips to the dust beneath you" illustrates profound submission and reverence.

"...you were

born to be a second-

rate ruler, but now!

How far you surpass

all the greatest gods;

they press their lips

to the dust beneath

you."

Figurative Language Analysis

”For Hektor, the huge will not sooner be stayed from his fighting

until there stirs by the ships the swift-footed son of Peleus

… on that day when they shall fight by the sterns of the beached ships

in the narrow place of necessity over fallen Patroklos.

This is the way it is fated to be; and for you and your anger /I care not;[...]”

Title and Author

Title: The Iliad

Author: Homer

”For Hektor, the huge will not sooner be stayed from his fighting

until there stirs by the ships the swift-footed son of Peleus

… on that day when they shall fight by the sterns of the beached ships

in the narrow place of necessity over fallen Patroklos.

This is the way it is fated to be; and for you and your anger /I care not;[...]”

Context

• Hera and Athene are upset with the war going in the Trojans favor

• They plan to sneak onto the battlefield, but Zeus interrupts their plans and shames them

• He states that the war will go in favor of the Trojans until Achilleus appears on the battle field

”For Hektor, the huge will not sooner be stayed from his fighting

until there stirs by the ships the swift-footed son of Peleus

… on that day when they shall fight by the sterns of the beached ships

in the narrow place of necessity over fallen Patroklos.

This is the way it is fated to be; and for you and your anger /I care not;[...]”

Significance

• Shows the limitations of divine intervention, as Hera and Athene cannot change how the war will progress

• Fate rules over human affairs, limiting how much power the Gods can exert

• Hierarchical structure of the Gods where Zeus is able to exert power over Athene, Hera, and other Gods’ actions in human affairs (mimicking a patriarchal society)

”For Hektor, the huge will not sooner be stayed from his fighting

until there stirs by the ships the swift-footed son of Peleus

… on that day when they shall fight by the sterns of the beached ships

in the narrow place of necessity over fallen Patroklos.

This is the way it is fated to be; and for you and your anger /I care not;[...]”

Figurative Analysis

• Hera is a symbol of the constraints of divine power, which we can see through her anger at not being able to change the way the war is going (personification of human emotions) and listening to Zeus

• Zeus is a symbol for the idea that mortals aren’t in control of their own fate