Ch18

The zygote is __________, meaning daughter cells can become any cell type.

totipotent

Cells in the inner cell mass of a blastocyst are __________, meaning they can become many (not all) cell types.

pluripotent

Gastrula cells can differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, or __________.

endoderm

Progressive restriction of cell fate leads to __________ stem cells, which can form a limited number of types.

multipotent

Nuclear transfer in frogs aimed to test if developmental potential is __________.

irreversible

The first mammal to be cloned using nuclear transfer was a __________ in 1996.

sheep

The success rate for cloning via nuclear transfer is estimated to be about __________ percent.

2

When cloning works, what is NOT identical in the clone compared to the original organism? __________.

Mitochondrial DNA

Induced pluripotent stem cells are created by treating adult cells to __________ them back to a pluripotent state.

de-differentiate

In Drosophila development, the genotype of the mother can determine the __________ phenotype of the progeny.

progeny

Bicoid is an example of a __________ effect gene that defines the anterior of the embryo.

maternal

After fertilization, bicoid protein made in the anterior is required for __________ development.

anterior

Nanos protein synthesized in the posterior is required for __________ development.

posterior

Both Bicoid and Nanos proteins regulate translation of zygotic mRNAs, including __________ and hunchback.

caudal

Homeotic (Hox) genes are important for the development of specific __________ in the body.

body parts

The gene Antennapedia typically directs __________ development in midbody cells.

leg

Hox gene complexes are crucial for the evolutionary diversity observed in various __________.

organisms

BRCA1 encodes a DNA repair protein that is classified as a __________ suppressor.

tumor

When both copies of BRCA1 are non-functional, mutations in breast cells may promote __________.

cancer

If both parents are heterozygous for BRCA1, the probability of their child being BRCA1+/BRCA1- is __________ percent.

50