GCH 205 MODULE 1

global health

a field of academic study , research, and applied practice that seeks to improve population health worldwide

PACES

Population, Action, Cooperation, Equity, and Security

health equity

present when everyone has an equal opportunity to be as healthy as possible

health

"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"

population

a group of individuals, communities, nations, or other entities

Population health

encompasses health outcomes and the determinants of health in groups of humans at the community, regional, national, and/or worldwide level

Determinants of health

the biological, behavioral, social, environmental, political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations

intervention

strategic action intended to improve individual and population health status

systems thinking

the process of identifying the underlying causes of complex problems so that sustainable solutions can be developed and implemented

prevention science

the process of determining which preventative health interventions are effective at improving health status, how successful those interventions are in various populations, and how readily they can be scaled up for widespread implementation

implementation science

the scientific study of how to increase upstake evidence-based practices and policies after effective interventions have been identified

primary prevention

consists of protective actions that help keep an adverse health event from ever occurring

secondary prevention

the detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals at an early stage where conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and can be treated more easily

tertiary prevention

consists of interventions that reduce impairment, minimize pain and suffering, and restore function in people with symptomatic health problems

etiology

the cause of a disease or another adverse condition

proximal cause

the most immediate cause of an adverse event

distal cause

a social, environmental, or other factor that is not an immediate cause but contributes to the casual pathway for an adverse event

multicasuality

describes a casual pathway in which many different risk factors contribute to an adverse event occurring. The terms necessary and sufficient are often used to describe the various sets of exposures that can lead to adverse outcomes.

exposure

personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition

risk factor

is an exposure that increases the likelihood of experiencing a particular health outcome

primordial prevention

used to describe the general lifestyle habits and environmental conditions that prevent risk factors for adverse health events from developing

causation

a relationship in which an exposure directly causes an outcome

casual factor

an exposure that has been scientifically tested and shown to occur before the disease outcome and contribute directly to its occurrence

association

a statistical relationship between variables, but tests of association are not enough to prove that a relationship is or is not casual

Bradford hill criteria

a set of conditions that provide support for the existence of a casual relationship between an exposure and an outcome, such as the strength of the association, the presence of a dose-response relationship between the exposure and outcome, and the consistency of the risk across numerous studies

nonmodifiable risk factor

a risk factor that cannot be changed through health interventions (like age)

modifiable risk factor

a risk factor that can be avoided or mitigated

behavioral risk factor

a behavior that can be adopted, stopped, or changed in order to reduce the risk of disease

health transition

a shift in the health status of a population that usually occurs in conjunction with socioeconomic development

risk transition

a health transition characterized by a shift from exposures like undernutrition, unsafe water, and indoor air pollution that increase the risk of childhood infectious diseases causing most preventable morbidity and mortality in a population to exposures like obesity, physical inactivity, and tobacco use that increase the risk of chronic diseases being the most prominent risk factors

health disparity

an avoidable difference in health status between population groups

international health

a term that in current usage usually describes efforts to alleviate poverty-related health conditions in lower-income areas, not just the tropics

globalization

the process of countries around the world becoming more integrated and interdependent across economic, political, cultural, and other domains

pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

human security

defined in the united nations development programmes 1994 human development report as the freedom from fear and freedom from want that results from having the following types of security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security

global health security

describes public health interventions implemented by governmental and military personnel in collaboration with other stake holders in order to protect populations from threats to health and safety

burden of disease

describes the adverse impact of a particular health condition on a population

Millenium Development Goals (MDGS)

a set of eight goals endorsed by the united nations and hundreds of partners that aimed to significantly reduce global poverty between 2000 and 2015

MDG

1.Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

7. Ensure environment sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

goal

desired future outcome

target

specific, measurable objective that contributes to achieving a desired future outcome

indicator

variable used to measure performance, achievement, or change

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

a set of 17 goals endorsed by the member of nations of the united nations at the end of 2015 that aim, by 2030, to end extreme poverty

SDGs

1. No poverty

2. Zero hunger

3. Good health and wellbeing

4. Quality education

5. Gender equality

6. Clean water and sanitation

7. Affordable and clean energy

8. Decent work and economic growth

9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

10. Reduced inequalities

11. Sustainable cities and communities

12. Responsible consumption and production

13. Climate action

14. Life below water

15. Life on land

16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions

17. Partnerships for the goals

benchmark

a standard or point of reference for comparison

statistic

measure characteristic of a sample population

vital statistics

are population-level quantifications of births, deaths, and other life events

census

collects demographic data about every individual in a population

ratio

comparison of two numbers

proportion

a ratio in which the numerator is a subset of the denominator. From 0-1

percentages

expresses a ratio in units of per 100

rate

a ratio in which the numerator and denominator have different units

birth rate

the number of births per 1000 people

survival analysis

a statistical evaluation of the distribution of the durations of time that individuals in a population experience from an initial time point until some well-defined event

life expectancy

the average number of additional years of life an individual of a particular age can be expected to survive based on population mortality patterns

life expectancy at birth

the average number of years a newborn in a population can be expected to survive based on population mortality patterns at the time of birth

healthy life expectancy (HALE)

the average number of additional years and individual of a particular age in a population can expect to life without disability

epidemiology

the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations

biostatistics

the science of analyzing health data and interpreting the results so that they can be applied to solving public health problems

mortality

death

mortality/death rate

number of all-cause or cause-specific deaths per 1000 people in a population during a stated period of time

crude statistic

raw or unadjusted statistical measure

age standardization

the generation of comparable statistics for populations with different age structures

proportionate mortality rate (PMR)

the percentage of all people who die in a population whose death is the result of a particular cause

case fatality rate (CFR)

the proportion of people with a particular disease who die as a result of that condition

morbidity

the presence of nonfatal illness or disease

incidence

the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified period of time

incidence rate

calculated as the number of new cases of a disease in a population who were at risk of the disease during that period

prevalence

the percentage of members of a population who have a given trait at a particular time

case definition

a list of the inclusion and exclusion criteria that must be met in order for an individual to be classified as having a particular disease or disability

metric

a composite indicator derived from two or more other measures

premature mortality

any death before a selected target survival age

Years of life lost (YLLs)

a burden of disease metric used to quantify population-level reductions in health status due to premature mortality

Years Lived with Disability (YLDs)

a burden of disease metric used to quantify the population-level reductions in health status attributable to nonfatal conditions

disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

a burden of disease metric that is quantified as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) to premature death and years lived with disability (YLDs) in a population

quality-adjusted life year (QALY)

a metric used in health economics to represent the additional duration of life and quality of life conferred to populations by effective public health interventions

data

row or unprocessed facts, figures, symbols and signs

information

generated when data are processed and presented in a format that is usable for understanding a situation and making decisions

health information system

encompasses the technology used to collect, store, analyze, and disseminate health-related data and info

data science

an interdisciplinary field that uses statistics, machine learning, and other computational tools to generate info and knowledge from various types of data

estimate

a calculation of the likely value of an indicator, metric, or other variable in a population

model

set of equations that define relationships among many variables

forecast

describes the most likely estimate of future trends based on past data

projection

describes the future outcomes that can be anticipated if various interventions are implemented or other events occur

global burden of disease (GBD) project

a massive collaborative effort to quantify the epidemiologic profiles of every country in the world

peer review

the process of a scientific manuscript being evaluated by experts who scrutinize the methodology and reasonableness of the results prior to a report being published

abstract

a one-paragraph summary of the objectives, methods, results, and implications of a scientific investigation

low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs)

encompasses all low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income countries

Organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD)

intergovernmental organization that represents about 3 dozen of the worlds richest countries

gross national income (GNI)

the total income from the selling of goods and services produced in one country, including consumer spending, government spending, investments and exports

gross domestic product (GDP)

the total amount of goods and services produced in one country by domestic and foreign owned companies

gross national product (GNP)

the total amount of goods and services produced by one country's companies in that country and by companies owned by that country's companies but operating in other countries

atlas method

an estimation method that improves economic comparisons by reducing the impact of market and exchange rate fluctuations on metrics

purchasing power parity (PPP)

an estimation method that improves economic comparisons by adjusting metrics based on how many goods, services, and other products can be purchased in various populations with a fixed about of money such as 1000 USD

human developmental index (HDI)

an estimate of national development calculated from data on income (GNI per capita in ppp), education (mean and expected years of schooling), and life expectancy at birth

socoiodemographic index (SDI)

calculated from data on income per capita, the average number of years of education, and fertility rates

5 quintiles: low, low-mid, mid, mid-high, high

gini coefficient

a measure of the inequality in the distribution of incomes within a particular country