diversity: the six kingdoms, prokaryotes, organelles, eubacteria & archaea

What is a dichotomous key?

A key used to divide and identify similar species.

What are the two styles of dichotomous keys?

Go to style or spider key style.

What are the six kingdoms on the phylogenetic tree?

Plantae, animalia, fungi, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria.

What separates eubacteria and archaebacteria?

Unicellular and prokaryotic.

Prokaryotic means…

Any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.

What connects animalia, fungi, and plantae?

Multicellular, eukaryotic.

Eukaryotic means…

Any organism with cells that contain a distinct nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

What makes protists unique?

Eukaryotic unicellular; can resemble plants, animals, or fungi.

What are the two kingdoms of prokaryotes?

Eubacteria and Archaea.

Infectious bacteria are called…

Pathogens.

Pili (pilis = singular)

Stronger than cilia; allows the cell to facilitate gene transfer; cell to cell attachment.

Plasmid

Small loop of DNA containing a few genes; can be transferred to another cell.

Cytoplasm

Holds together organelles.

Plasma membrane

Semipermeable; controls what enters and exits the cell.

Cell wall

Extra layer of structure for the cell; made of different chemicals to plant cell walls.

What chemical are bacteria cell walls made of?

Peptidoglycan.

What are plant cell walls made of?

Mostly cellulose.

What are fungi cell walls made of?

Mostly chitin.

Capsule (bacteria)

Very outer layer on some bacteria cells; provides protection for harsh environments.

Nucleoid

Contains the cell’s DNA; not membrane bound.

Flagellum

Tail-like structure that allows the cell to move around.

Shapes of bacteria

Used to identify bacteria through prefixes and suffixes.

Cocci means…

Spherical shape.

Bacilli means…

Rod-shaped.

Spirilla means…

Curved shape (sharp or soft).

Mono means…

One of a shape.

Diplo means…

Two or double of the shape.

Strepto means…

Paired spherical shape/spherical shape in a chain.

Staphylo means…

Clusters of cocci shaped bacteria.

Flagellate means…

Bacteria having a flagellum.

Vibries means…

Curved rod shape.

What are the different types of metabolism for bacteria?

Autotrophic, heterotrophic, etc.

Autotrophic bacteria can…

Make their own nutrients using inorganic materials such as carbon.

Heterotrophic bacteria can…

Make their own food using organic materials found in other living organisms.

What are the two main ways bacteria gain energy?

Sunlight and chemical energy.

What is an additional way for bacteria to get energy?

Inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen or sulfur.

How do bacteria respire?

Some must respire like animals or plants, others can survive with or without oxygen, some cannot survive with oxygen.

How do bacteria cells reproduce?

Binary fission.

What are the stages of binary fission? COME BACK TO THIS

Parent cell, DNA replicates, cell elongates, cytoplasm divides, two daughter cells.

What is bacterial conjugation?

One bacterial cell passes a copy of a plasmid to a nearby cell through a hollow pilus.

What is conjugation considered as?

A form of sexual reproduction; two different cells are sharing genetic information.

What is bacterial transformation?

A cell picks up a loose fragment of DNA from its surroundings.

What is it called if the new DNA from transformation came from a different species?

Horizontal gene transfer.

Why are mutations more common in bacteria cells?

They reproduce much faster and therefore mutate more often.

Similarities between conjugation and transformation…

Genetic diversity, passing/gaining of new DNA.

What is advantageous about conjugation?

Can benefit the recipient if the donor cell provides good genes.

What is advantageous about transformation?

Does not need another cell to donate; horizontal gene transfer could cause cell to mutate with better genes.

What is another way for a bacterial cell to gain new DNA?

May occur when a bacterium is infected by a virus.

What is an endospore?

Strong and resistant structure that forms around chromosomes when the cell is under stress.

What is advantageous about endospores?

Can withstand external conditions for many years until conditions of the cell improve; durable and long lasting.

What is antibiotic resistance?

When bacteria develop immunity to antibiotics used to fight them.

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

Natural selection; bacteria that survive the antibiotics will pass on the resistance to the future population.

Why is it so important to finish your antibiotic prescription? ***

To not leave behind any bacteria that could develop immunity and mutate into a population of resistant bacteria.

What are the four main characteristics that make archaea different from eubacteria? First being…

Cell membrane walls with unique chemical makeup and lacking peptidoglycan.

Second difference of archaea being…

Genetic information that makes them different from bacteria and eukaryotes.

Third difference of archaea being…

Inhabit extreme environments and can withstand potent extremes.

Fourth difference of archaea being..

Much more resistant to physical and chemical disruptions than other organisms.

Methanogens (archaea)

Low oxygen environments (like digestive tracts and marshes); create their own energy using chemical compounds converted into methane gas.

Halophiles

Salt rich environments; get energy from organic food materials or sunlight.

Extreme thermophiles

Inhabit extremely hot environments; grow in high temperatures.

Psychrophiles

Inhabit very cold environments; grow in low temperatures.

What are bacteria cell walls mostly made of?

Peptidoglycan.

What makes Archae different from Eubacteria?

Cell walls lacking peptidoglycan, different genetics, inhabit extreme environments, more resistant to physical/chemical disruptions.