A&P U1: Human Body Orientation

Anatomy

Refers to structure

Physiology

Refers to function

Levels of Organization

Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Responsiveness

Body's ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Movement

Can be seen in many ways, done w/ muscular system

Growth

Increase in size

True Growth: More cells generated than death

Digestion

Process of breaking food down

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Reproduction

Cellular Level: Mitosis

Organism Level: Sperm + Egg

Disposal of Wastes

Done by digestive, urinary, respiratory, and integumentary systems

Maintaining Boundaries

Maintaining boundaries from internal and external environments

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Away from the head

Deep (Internal)

Away from body surface

Superficial (External)

Towards the body surface

Lateral

Away from the midline

Medial

Towards the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards the back

Anterior (Ventral)

Towards the front

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output

ex: Blood clotting

Negative Feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change

ex: Regulation of blood glucose

Lumbar

Lower back

Scapular

Shoulder Blade/Scapula

Femoral

Thigh

Axillary

Armpit

Buccal

Cheek

Antecubital

Where blood is drawn

Thoracic

Chest

Sural

Calf

Popliteal

Posterior to knee

Gluteal

Buttocks

Inguinal

Groin

Abdominal

Abdomen

Brachial

Arm

Cervical

Neck

Occipital

Back of head

Pubic

Genital region

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

Cytology

Study of cells

Histology

Study of tissues

Embryology

Study of embryos and their development

Excretion

Removal of waste from the digestive system

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Receptor

Picks up stimulus

Effector

Initiates response

Visceral Serosa

Inner layer of serous membrane

Parietal Serosa

Outer layer of serous membrane

Serous Fluid

Fluid in between Parietal and Visceral Serosa, serves as lubricant