Intro to Anatomy and Physiology

Cephalic

head (includes cranial and facial)

cranial

skull

facial

face

frontal

forhead

ocular/orbital

eye

nasal

nose

otic

ear

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

oral

mouth

mental

chin

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

thoracic

thorax, chest

mammary

breast

abdominal

abdomen

umbilical

navel, belly button

pelvic

pelvis

carpal

wrist

palmar

palm

digits/phalanges

fingers and toes

manual

hand

inguinal

groin

pubic

pubis

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg (shin area)

tarsal

ankle

hallux

big toe

pedal

foot

pollux

thumb

acromial

shoulder

dorsal

back

olecranal

back of elbow

lumbar

lower back/loin

gluteal

buttock

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

bottom or sole of foot

anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well as their relationship to one another; can be studied when body is living or dead

physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or functions; can only be studied when body is living

homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain internal stability

negative feedback

an imbalance in the body is corrected by a response that restores balance; usually controls homeostasis

order positive and negative feedback are taken in

stimulus, sensor, control center, effector

positive feedback

the body initiates a response that increases the imbalance until a specific goal is reached

sagittal plane

lengthwise or longitudinal body plane

frontal plane

divides into anterior or posterior body plane

transverse plane

horizontal, also called a cross-section body plane

Dorsal body cavity

includes cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity (heart and lungs primarily) and abdomino-pelvic cavity (primarily stomach liver, intestines, and reproductive organs, bladder and rectum)

integumentary system

skin; external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; helps regulate body temperature

skeletal system

bones, cartilage, joints; protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; forms blood cells

Muscular System

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles; skeletal muscles: allow movement and facial expression; maintain posture; produce heat

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, and nerves; fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes; one of the major systems in charge of homeostasis

endocrine system

glands; secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism; one of the major systems in charge of homeostasis

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels; heart pumps blood; blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes and other materials to and from cells

lymphatic system

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels; returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to blood; cleans lymphatic fluid of bacteria and foreign matter

respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; exchanges gases with the external environment; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen removes carbon dioxide

digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines; also the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; eliminates undigested food as solid waste

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

reproductive system

males: penis, testes; females: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes; overall function is production of offspring

cells

the basic unit of structure and function in the body

tissues

groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

organs

composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform a larger function

structural organization of the body

atoms to molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organism

organ system

composed of groups of organs that cooperate to perform a major body function

right hypochondriac region contains

liver, gallbladder

epigastric region contains

parts of the liver, stomach

left hypochondriac region contains

spleen, pancreas

right lumbar region contains

large intestines, part of small intestines, right kidney

umbilical region contains

intestines

left lumbar region contains

large intestines, part of small intestines, left kidney

right iliac region contains

appendix, cecum, parts of the intestines

hypogastric region contains

bladder, reproductive organs (female), small intestines

left iliac region contains

parts of the intestines