FINAL 2215 Short and Long Answer

what are the 5 primary health care principles

1. Accessibility

2. Public Participation

3. Health Promotion

4. Appropriate Technology

6. Intersectorial Collaboration

Explain Accessibility

Definition: Ensuring that essential health services are available and affordable to all, regardless of geographic location, socio-economic status, or cultural background.

Application: CHN enhance accessibility by bringing services directly to underserved populations

EX: Mobile health clinic, which travels to rural or remote area where no permanent health facilities exists

Explain public participation

Definintion: Involving individuals and communities in planning, implementing and evaluating their health care services to ensure relevalnce and effectiveness

Application: CHN encourage community involvement in decisions, fostering a responsive and diverse health care system

Ex: Nurse collaboration with a neighbourhood health committee to develop culturally appropriate educational materials about diabetes management

Explain health promotion

Definition: Empower individuals and communities to take control and improve their health through education and supportive environments

Application: CHN implement health promotion strategies in schools, workplaces and community centers

Ex: Organisation of a smoking cessation program

Explain appropriate tecnology

Definition: using tecnology and methods that are affordable, acceptable, and sustainable within community context.

Application: CHN use tools and interventions that match the community's resources and literacy levels

Ex: Distribution of visual flip charts for health education in a low-literacy setting.

Explain intersectoral collaboration

Definition: coordinating efforts across sectors to address social determinants of health

Application: CHN partner with schools, housing, authorities, or local government agencies to create supportive environments.

Ex: in a low-income urban area, a nurse works with local housing authority and public health department to address asthma triggers in substandard housing, reducing emergency room visits among children.

Define health equity and its importance in public health

Health equity refers to fair and just oppertunity for everyone to attain their highest healht. It involves addressing and eliminating avoidable health disparities rooted is social, economic, and environmental disadvantages. Its important with public health, as it ensures resources and services are distributed accordingly promoting social justice reducing the burden on the healthcare system and improving health outcomes across populations.

Explain upstream and downstream approaches to substance use

Upstream approach: Address the root cause of health issues by focusing on health, such as poverty etc. For example, policies for affordable housing, access to education and employment

Downstream approach: Focus on individual-level-care and treatment of existing health problems. For example, addiction treatment services, one-on-one counselling and support.

Outline specific interventions CHNs can implement to support marginalized populations

Harm Reduction Programs: Distribution clean needles. Naloxone kits, and provide safe consumption education to reduce risk of overdose and infectious disease transmission among people who use substances.

Define epidemiology and its importance in public health

Epidemiology: is the study of the study of how disease affects the health and illness of populations. Its important for public health, as it helps to identify patterns and causes of disease outbreaks and supports in the development of prevention strategies and tracking progress in controlling the disease

Explain screening in relation to measles and include an example

Screening: Is the proactive testing of individuals to detect disease early, often before symptoms appear

Ex: CHN organize school-based immunization status checks or fever-rash-symptoms among children during an outbreak

Explain surveillance in relation to measles and include an example

Surveillance: is the ongoing, systematic collection and analysis of health data to monitor and prevent disease outbreaks.

Ex: CHNs participate in reporting suspected measles cases to public health authorities, helping track and respond to emerging trends. Active surveillance may involve contact tracing and monitoring at-risk communities for signs of spread.

CHN interventions to manage and prevent measles outbreaks

community health nurses use a variety of public health strategies to control measles outbreak, and example could be educating families on the importance and safety of the MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine.

Definition of community capacity capacity building and its relevance to public health nursing

Community capacity building refers to the process of strengthening the ability of individuals, organizations, and communities to develop and sustain solutions to health challenges. In public health nursing, it focuses on empowering communities to become active participants in identifying and solving their health issues, rather than being passive recipients of services.

Explanation of the importance of assessing community needs and strengths using models/frameworks

A comprehensive community assessment is the foundation of capacity building. CHNs use frameworks like the Community-as-Partner Model or PRECEDE-PROCEED to systematically assess health needs, community assets, and socio-environmental factors.

Application examples: A CHN conducts focus groups with youth and interviews with local service providers to identify barriers to accessing STI testing, such as stigma or lack of transportation.

Explore what it means to "do with" vs. "doing for" and its implications for empowerment

CHNs prioritize “doing with” rather than “doing for”, which means partnering with communities in a collaborative and respectful way, rather than imposing solutions. When a CHN works with a community, it builds trust and shared ownership, and encourages self-determination and long-term sustainability.

whats an example of Examples of advocacy and social innovation in action

Harm Reduction Initiatives: CHNs advocate for and participate in needle exchange programs, supervised consumption sites, and mobile STBBI testing vans that reduce transmission risks while respecting clients’ autonomy.

define relational inquiry as a clinical and reflective approach

Relational inquiry is a nursing approach that focuses on building meaningful, respectful relationships by understanding the client's personal and social context. Nurses using relational inquiry think deeply about their own beliefs, biases, and assumptions. They also consider the client's background, community, and the larger social systems that affect their health.

Explain why there is an emphasis on integrating critical reflection, contextual awareness, ethics, and examining one's own biases and power

Relational inquiry places an emphasis on integrating critical reflection, contextual awareness, ethics, and examining one's own biases and power because it helps nurses provide care that is truly person-centered, respectful, and responsive to each client’s unique situation.

how does relation inquiry connect to social justice and culturally safe practice

Relational inquiry connects to social justice and culturally safe practice by encouraging nurses to recognize and challenge inequities, power imbalances, and systemic barriers that affect clients’ health. It promotes listening to and respecting clients’ cultural beliefs, lived experiences, and values, rather than imposing assumptions or dominant norms. This approach helps ensure that care is not only respectful and inclusive, but also actively works to reduce discrimination and support fairness, dignity, and equity in healthcare.

An example of how relational inquiry supports ethical, person-centered nursing care in

community health settings.

For example, a nurse working with an Indigenous community listens to the concerns of community members and respects traditional practices. Instead of telling people what to do, the nurse works with them to create a health program that fits their culture and values.

primordial prevention

Prevention of the development of risk factors by addressing broad social, economic, and environmental conditions.

Primary Prevention

Actions taken to prevent disease or injury before it occurs.

Secondary Prevention

Early detection and prompt intervention to control disease and prevent complications

Tertiary Prevention

Managing and reducing complications from established disease or conditions.

Quaternary Prevention

Preventing overmedicalization or harm from unnecessary interventions.

example of primordial prevention of one real-world nursing example for each level, related to planetary or environmental health.

A CHN advocates for green urban planning policies, such as increasing green space in low-income neighborhoods to reduce air pollution and improve physical activity opportunities.

example of primary prevention of one real-world nursing example for each level, related to planetary or environmental health.

A CHN runs educational workshops on reducing household exposure to harmful chemicals (e.g., pesticides, plastics, cleaning products) and encourages the use of eco-friendly alternatives.

example of secondary prevention of one real-world nursing example for each level, related to planetary or environmental health.

A CHN partners with environmental health teams to screen for asthma symptoms in children living near industrial zones and provides early interventions such as medication access and education.

example of tertiary prevention of one real-world nursing example for each level, related to planetary or environmental health.

A CHN supports clients with chronic respiratory diseases by coordinating care, providing home visits, and connecting them to programs for air filtration systems or relocation from high-pollution areas.

example of quaternary prevention of one real-world nursing example for each level, related to planetary or environmental health.

A CHN educates community members about avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use for minor illnesses that may be linked to environmental changes (e.g., vector-borne diseases increasing with climate change) and promotes natural immunity and preventative care.