IB HISTORY - Focus 9

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Credit Mobilier Scandal

1872 illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

National Policy

Nineteenth-century Canadian policy designed to attract migrants, protect industries through tariffs, and build national transportation systems.

John A. Macdonald

Canada's first prime minister

William Mackenzie

In Upper Canada, he lead the people against British Rule

Canadian Pacific Railway

Canada's first transcontinental railway

tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Ethnic Neighborhoods

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

bosses

Corrupt political leaders who used bribery and favors to win votes and elections

political machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

William Tweed

N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

John Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

Trusts

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

labour congress of Canada

largest labour organization in Canada, bringing together dozens of national and international unions

Haymarket Square

Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities, bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police, following the hysteria,8 anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Knights of Labor associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed.

Pullman Strike (1894)

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

National Labour Union

The first attempt to organize all workers in all states---both skilled and unskilled, both agricultural workers and industrial workers.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R, symbolized his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Panama Canal

(TR) , a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build it, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build.

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Banana Wars

US tried to secure banana markets by interventions in central and south america using troops to preserve the connection.

push factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residences.

pull factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Dominion Lands Act

1872 Canadian law that aimed to encourage the settlement of the Canadian Prairies and to help prevent the area being claimed by the United States

land speculation

The practice of buying up land with the intent of selling it off in the future for a profit (existed in the Kentucky territory in the 1780s, the West after the Homestead Act, and in Florida in the 1920s)

Immigration act of 1924 (US)

limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota, provided immigration visas to 2% of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

immigration act 1919 (CA)

government introduced new restrictive immigration regulations in 1919 in response to the social and economic turmoil of the immediate postwar period

Chinese Exclusion Act (US)

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Chinese Immigration Act

1917, excluded all but a few Chinese immigrants from entering Canada

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Assimilation

Process of making Natives "America"; Dawes Act - assimilated through cutting hair, changing tribal identities, providing individual land plots

Indian Advancement Act (CA)

for conferring certain privileges on the more advanced Bands of the Indians of Canada, with the view of training them for the exercise of municipal powers, may be made applicable as hereinafter provided, to any band or bands of Indians in any of the Provinces or the North-West Territories, including the District of Keewatin, except in so far only as it is herein otherwise provided

Fort Laramie Treaty

Restricted the Plains Indians to specific areas and permitted the building of government forts

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Thomas Scott (nationalism)

Riel ordered the execution of Thomas Scott

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things he had seen.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

John O'Sullivan

Wrote an editorial that first mentioned the term "Manifest Destiny"

John gast

painter who painted "American Progress" (the picture of a giant flying woman)

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

NWP (National Women's Party)

Organization founded by Alice Paul to fight for women's suffrage

Alice Paul

Head of the NWP that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Positivism

the application of the scientific approach to the social world - order and progress, rationalism, mathematics, science, and technology

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Carnegie and Gospel of Wealth

an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich

Ethnic Nationalism

nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group

Indigenismo (indianism)

the view that native populations, as the majority, should play a dominant role in the new political and social order

nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.

pan American conference of women (Baltimore)

1922 meant to strengthen and carry a step forward develop closer cooperation between the women of the American continent.

Suffrage Movement

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States from 1890 to 1920.

flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Comstock Law

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Wilfrid Laurier

The first French-Canadian prime minister; elected in 1896

"sunny ways"

Wilfrid Laurier's solution to the Manitoba Schools Question - the way of negotiation, diplomacy and compromise — rather than forced legislation.

Naval Service Bill of 1910

Laurier government introduced legislation to establish a Canadian navy

canadian Nationalism

received a powerful stimulus after the War of 1812; Canadians felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent; they were annoyed that they couldn't secure an Indian buffer state or part of the Great Lakes

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

A strike organized by the United Mine Workers of America that took place in Pennsylvania. Notable for Roosevelt's forcing of the coal corporations to cooperate with the strikers.

Trust Busting

government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) Teddy - Northern Securities Railroad and eventually Rockefeller's Standard Oil

Food and Drug Act/Administration

This allowed the government to ensure the safe production of food and medicine.

Panic of 1907

a serious recession, proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts.

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.