ERQ

What is social identity theory?

-The idea that people define themselves by the groups they belong to (like nationality, team, or friends),

-They feel good when their group does well or is seen positively.

What is social cognitive theory?

The idea that people learn by watching others, copying their behavior, and thinking about the results before acting

Define stereotypes

Simple ideas or beliefs about a group of people, often based on assumptions, not facts

Define cultural dimensions

Ways to compare how different cultures think, behave, and organize their societies

Define Cultural Origins of Behavior and Cognition

How we act and think is shaped by the culture we grow up in

Define enculturation

The process of learning and adopting the values, behaviors, and norms of your own culture

Define globalization

How people, ideas, and cultures from different parts of the world connect and influence each other

What are the studies to use for social identity theory?

-Abrams

What are the studies for Social cognitive theory?

-Kimball

What are the studies for stereotypes?

-Hillard and Liben

What are the studies for globalization?

-Becker

What are the studies for enculturation?

-Hillard and Liben

What are the studies for cultural dimensions?

-Berry

-Kulkofskyy

What are the studies for Cultural Origins of Behavior and Cognition?

-Berry

-Kulkofsky

What is the aim of Abrams?

-To investigate whether in-group identity affects conformity

-Whether people are more likely to conform publicly when their group membership is made salient (a stimulus or event being prominent, noticeable, or attention-grabbing)

What was the procedure of Abrams?

-Asch paradigm

-50 psychology students assigned to one of four conditions based on to variables (Group membership and response type- private vs public )

-In group- psych students

-out group- old history students

-Completed 18 line judgement trials with three confederates

-9 trials had correct group responses, 9 had incorrect unanimous answers

-public condition- gave their answers out loud

-Private condition wrote them down

What were the results of Abrams?

77% conformed at least once; 32% was the overall conformity rate

-Conformity was the highest in in group

-Conformity was lowest in out group

-Private condition showed moderate conformity levels with no big difference between in-group and out-group

What was a strength and limitation of Abrams?

Strength- Replicates Asch study: Builds on a well-known conformity experiment, adding a new social identity angle

Limitation- Low ecological validity: The line-matching task is artificial and doesn’t reflect real-world decisions.

What was the aim of Kimball?

To investigate whether exposure to television increases gender stereotyping in children in community where TV had not been previously available

What was the procedure of Kimball?

-natural experiment

-536 from four communties

-NOTEL: no tv before study

-UNITEL: one tv channel

-MULTITEL: multiple tv channels

-VANCOUVER: control group ( access to TV before)

-Gender stereotyping was measured using the sex role differentiation scale, asked children about gender-appropriate behaviors and parental roles

What was the results of Kimball?

-Before the study, NOTEL showed more open views of gender roles

-Two years later, gender stereotyping increased a lit in NOTEL, especially among boys

-NOTEL children gender attitudes became more similar to those in other communities

-A big increase was found In gender-role stereotypes related to jobs among NOTEL boys

-The introduction of Tv led to more gender stereotyping

What were the strengths and limitations of Kimball?

Strengths- High ecological validity: It was a natural experiment in a real-life setting, not a lab

Limitations- No random assignment: Children weren’t randomly placed in groups or towns. (quasi experiment)

What was the aim for Hillard and Liben?

To investigate how increasing the salience of gender as a social category affects the development of gender stereotypes and inter-group behavior

What was the procedure of Hillard and Liben?

57 preschoolers were split into two groups

-Field experiment with pre/post test design

-Teachers used gender-specific language (Boys and girls)

-Posted gender-specific boards

What were the results of Hillard and Liben?

-High salience: more gender stereotypes ( less responses of “both” on attitude test)

-Less play with opposite-gender peers

-Low salience: showed no significance changes in stereotypes or play behavior

What was the aim of Berry?

To investigate how conformity levels differ across individualistic and collectivistic

What was the procedure of Berry?

120 participants from each cultural group

-Temne (Sierra Leone)-Collectivistic group, rice farming

-Inuit (Baffin Island) - individualistic group, hunting and fishing

-Scots was the control group (Urban and rural)

-Each group had traditional and transitional participants

-The task was to: Match one line to another of equal length (LIKE ASCH’S LINE TEST)

-Trial 3: given the correct group answer

-Trials 4-6 given an incorrect group answer (5 lines off)

-Dependent variable: number of lines away from the correct answer (0-15 years old )

What were the results of Berry?

-Tenme (collectivistic) showed the highest conformity (9.04)

-Inuit (individualistic) showed the lowest conformity - even lower than the Scots

-No major differences between traditional and transitional

What were a strength and limitation of Berry?

Strengths- Controlled procedure, used native language, same tasks, and interpreters

Limitation- Low ecological validity, artificial test, not reflective of real-life conformity

What is the aim of Kulkofsky?

To investigate the role of culture (individualism vs. collectivism) on the formation of flashbulb memories for public events

What was the procedure of Kulkofsky?

-274 middle-class adults from five countires: China, Germany, UK, and USA

-Participants had 5 mins to recall public events (at least 1 yrs old)

-Researchers created a memory questionnaire based on the recalled events

-Questions asked about how the participant learned about the event (where they were, who they were with)

-Additional questions measured the importance and emotional impact of the event

-Questionnaires were administered by native-speaking researchers to minimize interview effects

What were the results of Kulkofsky?

-Collectivist cultures personal important and emotional intensity were less predictive of FBM formation

-Individualistic cultures: these personal factors played a larger role in FBM formation

-In ALL cultures, national importance of the event contributed equally to FBM formation

-Less emphasis on personal events in collectivist vultures may lead to less rehearsal of events, reducing FBM formation

What were the strengths and limitations of Kulkofsky?

Strengths: Cross-Cultural design: deepens the understanding of how culture influences cognition

Limitation: Self-report bias: memory accuracy and honesty can’t be verified

What was the aim of Becker?

To investigate the impact of media exposure (TV) on body image and eating disorders among young Fijian girls

What was the procedure of Becker?

-Natural experiment

-Two groups of young girls (16-18) from two secondary schools in Fiji

-Group 1- shortly after TV was introduced (1995)

-Group 2- Three years after TV had been present in Fiji (1998)

-All people took the eating attitude test, a standardizes western tool for assessing eating disorders (EAT-26)

-Follow-up semi structured interviews were conducted to explore attitudes and confirm behaviors like pursing and bingeing

-Height and weight also measured

-Group 2 answered additional questions about dieting, body image, generational values

What were the results of Becker?

-Eat-26 scores: Group 1= 12.7% Group 2 = 29.2%

-Purging behaviors: Group 1- 0% Group 2- 11.3%

-Dieting: Group 1 - Rare Group 2 - 69% reported dieting to lost weight

-Body image in Group 2: 74% felt “too big or “fat”, 77% said IV influenced how they thing about body shape, 40% believed weight loss would help job prospects, 31% felt pressure from older generations to eat more -

-Interviews revealed: Admiration for Tv characters , Desire to look like TV characters, lack of awareness that TV images ar edited

What were strengths and limitations of Becker?

Strength: High ecological validity: real life setting in Fiji, natural introduction of TV

Limitation: Self-reported data subject to bias, underreporting or exaggeration