End of the Cold war 3

Who was the leader of the Soviet Union in 1968?

Leonid Brezhnev.

Who was elected US President in 1968 and became president in 1969?

Richard Nixon.

What was détente?

A period of relaxed tensions between the USA and USSR, beginning in the late 1960s.

What was SALT I, signed in 1972?

SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) was an agreement between the USA and USSR to limit the number of nuclear missiles and strategic bombers.

What were the two key agreements included in SALT I?

The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and an interim agreement to limit ICBMs and SLBMs.

Why was SALT I significant?

It was the first formal agreement between the USA and USSR to limit nuclear weapons, showing progress during détente.

Which two leaders signed SALT I in May 1972?

Richard Nixon (USA) and Leonid Brezhnev (USSR).

What international agreement was signed in August 1975 to improve East-West relations?

The Helsinki Accords.

What were the three key areas of focus in the Helsinki Accords?

Security, economic cooperation, and human rights.

Who was the West German Chancellor that introduced Ostpolitik?

Willy Brandt.

What was Ostpolitik?

A policy to improve relations between West Germany, East Germany, and Eastern Europe.

Who became US President after Nixon resigned in August 1974?

Gerald Ford.

What was SALT II, and when was it agreed upon in June 1979?

SALT II was a second arms limitation agreement between the USA and USSR, further limiting nuclear weapons and delivery systems.

Why was SALT II never ratified by the USA?

SALT II was never ratified because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, which worsened US-Soviet relations.

Who was elected US President in 1976 and became president in January 1977?

Jimmy Carter.

What was the significance of the Helsinki Accords?

They helped reduce tensions between East and West and laid the foundation for future human rights discussions.

How did the USA respond to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979?

The USA imposed a grain embargo, boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and supported the Afghan Mujahideen.

When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

December 24, 1979.

Who were the Mujahideen?

Muslim guerrilla fighters who resisted Soviet forces in Afghanistan.

What was the Carter Doctrine, announced in January 1980?

The Carter Doctrine stated that the USA would use military force, if necessary, to defend its interests in the Persian Gulf from outside aggression.

What event prompted President Carter to introduce the Carter Doctrine?

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979.

Why was the Persian Gulf region important to the USA under the Carter Doctrine?

The Persian Gulf was a key region for global oil supplies, which the USA wanted to protect from Soviet influence.

How did the USA demonstrate its opposition to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

The USA boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics, ended grain exports to the USSR, and supported the Afghan Mujahideen.

Who was elected US President in 1980 and became president in January 1981?

Ronald Reagan.

What nickname did Reagan give the Soviet Union in March 1983?

'The Evil Empire.'

What was the Reagan Doctrine?

A US policy to support anti-communist movements worldwide.

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), announced in March 1983?

A missile defense system to protect the USA, nicknamed 'Star Wars.'

How did the Soviet Union react to SDI?

They saw it as a threat that escalated the arms race.

What was the significance of the 1983 Invasion of Grenada by the USA in October 1983?

It was a demonstration of Reagan's willingness to use force in Latin America to prevent communist influence.

How did the Soviet Union attempt to counter US influence in the Middle East during the 1980s?

The USSR intervened in Afghanistan, supported Iran during the Iran-Iraq War, and sought to increase its influence in the region.

Who became leader of the Soviet Union in March 1985?

Mikhail Gorbachev.

What were Gorbachev's two main reform policies?

Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring).

What was the purpose of glasnost?

To allow greater freedom of speech and openness about Soviet problems.

What was the aim of perestroika?

To restructure the Soviet economy by introducing market-style reforms.

What was the Geneva Summit in November 1985?

A meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev to improve US-Soviet relations and reduce tensions.

What was agreed at the Washington Summit in December 1987?

The signing of the INF Treaty, eliminating intermediate-range nuclear missiles.

Which two leaders signed the INF Treaty?

Ronald Reagan (USA) and Mikhail Gorbachev (USSR).

What trade union movement in Poland opposed communism during the 1980s?

Solidarity.

Who was the leader of the Solidarity movement in Poland?

Lech Wałęsa.

When did Poland hold its first free elections in June 1989?

June 4, 1989.

What significant event occurred in East Germany in November 1989?

The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989.

What was the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall?

It symbolized the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and led to the reunification of Germany.

Who was the West German Chancellor during the fall of the Berlin Wall?

Helmut Kohl.

What happened to the Warsaw Pact in 1991?

It was dissolved in March 1991.

What was the significance of the Malta Summit in December 1989?

It marked the start of improved relations and the end of Cold War tensions.

Which communist leader of Romania was overthrown in December 1989?

Nicolae Ceaușescu.

How was Nicolae Ceaușescu removed from power?

He was overthrown and executed during a violent revolution.

Who became the first President of Russia after the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991?

Boris Yeltsin.

When did Gorbachev resign as Soviet leader?

December 25, 1991.

When did the Soviet Union officially collapse?

December 26, 1991.

What was the significance of the INF Treaty signed in December 1987?

It eliminated all intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe and led to greater US-Soviet cooperation.

What year was Germany officially reunified?

October 3, 1990.

Who were the two main leaders during the collapse of the Soviet Union?

Mikhail Gorbachev (USSR) and Boris Yeltsin (Russia).