Exercise Science Unit 1 Anatomy and Physiology

cell

the basic structural unit of any organism

cell membrane

barrier, protects harmful substances from entering

smooth ER

lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium storage and release

mitochondrion

generate chemical energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions

chromosome

initiates growth of microtubles, cell division, cell signaling

vacuole

storage, waste disposal

nucleus (cell “brain”)

organising, protecting, storing and copying DNA

nucleolus

produce and assemble the cells ribosomes

nuclear membrane

separate the chromosomes from the cells cytoplasm and other contents

golgi apparatus

transport, sorting and modification of protein and lipid

lysosome

digestive system of the cell, degrade material from both outside and inside

rough ER

produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

ribosomes

primary site of protein synthesis

cytoplasm

medium for chemical reactions, maintains cell shape and structure

types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscular, neural

epithelial tissue

covers exposed sufraces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms glands

connective tissue

fills internal spaces, provides support and protection, transports materials, stores energy

connective tissue examples

bone, fat, blood

muscle tissue

specialised for contration, connect to perform specific movements, generates heat which warms the body

types of muscle tissue

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

neural tissue

carries information to and from body parts in the form of electrical impulses

homeostasis

maintaining a constant physiological state within the body, regardless of fluctuations in the external environment

homeostasis is required to maintain:

body temp, blood glucose levels, pH levels, blood pressure, water and electrolyte levels

stimulus response model

detection of stimuli through receptors, processing in a control centre, responding effectively via an effector

stimulus (stimulus response model)

something that results in a change in the system, e.g. environment

receptor (stimulus response model)

detects change and sends message to control centre, e.g. sense organs

control centre (stimulus response model)

receives message and coordinates response, sends output message to an effector, e.g. brain and spinal cord

effector (stimulus response model)

respond to the output from the control centre

feedback loops

can stabilise biological systems or exaggerate divisions from the median condition

negative feedback loops

maintain homeostasis

negative feedback loops examples

regulation of blood glucose and temperature

positive feedback loops

amplify a response to achieve a result, mechanisms cease to function once the result is achieved

positive feedback loops examples

blood clotting, fever

thermoregulation

process of maintaining a consistent body temperature within certain boundaries, regardless of the external temperature

normal body temp

37C

3 step process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature

sensing, controlling, responding

sensing (thermoregulation)

thermoreceptors found all over the body detect temperature changes

controlling (thermoregulation)

hypothalamus compares current temp to normal temp, acts if it is too low or too high

responding - sweating (thermoregulation)

hypothalamus sends signals to the sweat glands to produce sweat, releases moisture and carries heat away from the body

responding - shivering (thermoregulation)

involuntary muscle contraction, generates heat to raise body temperature

responding - vasodilation (thermoregulation)

widening of blood vessels, increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure, helping the body disspiate heat

responding - vasoconstriction (thermoregulation)

narrowing of blood vessels, slows blood flow and reduces heat lost by body

hair erection (goosebumps)

tiny muscles attached to each hair follicle contract, traps air and keeps body warm

anterior

front/in front of

posterior

back/behind

ventral

towards front of body

dorsal

towards back of body

distal

away from trunk/point of origin

proximal

closer to trunk/point of origin

median

midline of body

medial

towards the median

superior

towards top of head

inferior

towards the feet

external

towards surface

internal

away from surface

frontal

towards front of brain

occipital

towards back of brain

medial/internal rotation

rotational movement towards the midline

lateral/external rotation

rotational movement away from the midline

pronation

hand on front/palm down

supination

hand on back/palm up

inversion

sole of foot towards median, faces inwards

eversion

sole of foot away from median, faces outwards

prone

lying face down/on stomach

supine

laying face up/on back

lateral recumbent/recovery

lying on one side

flexion

bending of a joint that decreases the angle between two segments of the body

extension

straightening of a joint that increases the angle between to parts

adduction

towards the midline

abduction

away from midline

elevation

movement in a superior direction

depression

movement in an inferior direction

dorsiflexion

flexion at the ankle, foot pointing up

plantarflexion

extension at the ankle, foot pointing down

circumduction

conical movement of a limb

aorta

main artery that carries blood away from the heart to the body

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart

superior vena cava (svc)

carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart

inferior vena cava (ivc)

carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart

right atrium

chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps into the right ventricle

right ventricle

chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

left atrium

chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle

left ventricle

hearts main pumping chamber, pumps oxygenated blood to the body

tricuspid valve

valve separating the right atrium and ventricle

biscuspid valve

valve separating the left atrium from the left ventricle

pulmonary circulation

blood enters RA, contracts and blood flows through TV into RV, contracts and blood leaves through PA to lungs, PV returns oxygenated blood into LA, LA contracts and blood flows through BV into LV, contracts and blood leaves through AV into aorta

cardiovascular system function

responsible for the transport of nutrients and respiratory gases and wastes in blood to and from the bodys cells via vessels

components of the CVS

heart, blood, vessels

the heart

central organ, cardiac muscle, contracts rhythmically to pump blood

blood

liquid tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, metabolic waste and immune cells around the body

components of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

red blood cells

carry oxygen, which binds to haemoglobin

white blood cells

protect against infection, disease, inflammation

leukocytes

protect from infection and disease

platelets

stop bleeding by clotting, wound healing

plasma

liquid portion of blood, 55% of volume

arteries

carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries, branch to form arterioles to deliver blood to capillaries

blood vessel structure

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa/adventitia

veins

return blood to heart from the tissues