World History Chapter 14 BJU 5th ed.

absolute power

Unlimited and unrestrained power.

divine right

Belief that the king was established by God, so he had absolute power and was not bound by human law.

Thirty Years’ War

The last great religious war fought in Europe; ended in 1648 with the Protestants winning with France’s aid.

Peace of Westphalia

The peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War.

Versailles

Palace of Louis XIV, built about twelve miles southwest of Paris.

Hohenzollern

Rulers of Prussia; rivals of the Habsburgs; united the German states into one country in the nineteenth century.

czar

Emperor of Russia; the title comes from the word Caesar.

Romanov

Russian royal dynasty overthrown by the Revolution of 1917.

Great Northern War

War in which Russia, led by Peter the Great, defeated Sweden and gained territory along the Baltic Sea.

Petition of Right

Document sent by Parliament to Charles I stating the king could not tax without Parliament’s consent and that arbitrary imprisonment would not be tolerated.

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War.

Cavaliers

Supporters of the king in the English Civil War.

Protectorate

English government established under Oliver Cromwell.

Restoration

Reestablishment of the Stuart monarchy in England in 1660.

Habeas Corpus Act

Law that made it illegal for the British government to hold someone in jail without proper legal cause.

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful revolution in which Parliament dethroned James II and installed William and Mary as joint rulers.

Bill of Rights

The 1689 English document that limited royal power, established certain civil liberties, and forbade future kings or queens from being Roman Catholic.

Act of Settlement

Act of Parliament that established Parliament’s right to grant the throne to whomever it wished.

cabinet government

A group of advisors to the English king who met to discuss matters of state.

Grand Alliance

Alliance of European nations—especially England and the Netherlands—against Louis XIV of France.

Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

Pragmatic Sanction

Agreement among European rulers to respect Austria’s territorial boundaries when Maria Theresa came to the throne.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Treaty ending the War of Austrian Succession; returned Europe to the prewar status quo, except Silesia was given to Prussia.

Diplomatic Revolution

Major changes in traditional European alliances before the Seven Years’ War.

Seven Years’ War

War with Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Russia, and Austria on the other; won by Britain and Prussia in 1763.

Treaty of Paris

Treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War.

Henry IV

King of France who worked to end religious conflict and strengthen the French monarchy.

Cardinal Richelieu

French cardinal and chief minister who strengthened royal authority and increased French power.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden and major Protestant military leader in the Thirty Years’ War.

Louis XIV

French king (“Sun King”) who built the strongest absolute monarchy in Europe and made France a leading power.

Jules Mazarin

French cardinal and chief minister who continued Richelieu’s policies and guided France during Louis XIV’s youth.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV’s finance minister who promoted mercantilism and strengthened France’s economy.

Louis XV

King of France after Louis XIV; his reign saw growing financial and political problems.

Frederick William

Ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia (“Great Elector”) who built a strong army and strengthened central government.

Frederick II

Frederick the Great, king of Prussia who expanded Prussia and strengthened it as a European power.

Joseph II

Habsburg ruler who attempted Enlightenment-inspired reforms in Austria.

Ivan IV

Ivan the Terrible, Russian ruler who centralized power and ruled with harsh methods.

Peter I

Peter the Great, Russian czar who westernized Russia and made it a major European power.

Catherine II

Catherine the Great, Russian empress who expanded Russia and supported some Enlightenment ideas.

James I

Stuart king of England and Scotland who believed in divine right and clashed with Parliament.

Charles I

English king whose conflicts with Parliament led to the English Civil War; executed in 1649.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of Parliament’s forces in the English Civil War who later ruled as Lord Protector.

Charles II

Stuart king restored to the English throne in 1660 after the Protectorate.

James II

Stuart king whose actions helped trigger the Glorious Revolution.

William and Mary

Joint rulers of England installed after the Glorious Revolution, ruling under limits set by Parliament.

Maria Theresa

Habsburg ruler of Austria whose inheritance sparked the War of the Austrian Succession; she strengthened Austria.

William Pitt

British leader who guided Britain’s strategy and victories during the Seven Years’ War.