AP EURO Final Quizlet

Carlsbad Decrees (1819)

They banned nationalist fraternities ("Burschenschaften"), removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press. Extremely conservative in nature.

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prussian chancellor who employed diplomacy and industrialized warfare and manipulation of democracy to unify Germany, and maintained the balance of power through a complex system of alliances aimed at isolating France. Extremely nationalist and conservative in nature and favored traditional land-owning nobles.

Andrew Ure

Believed that conditions were improving for the working people. Wrote in 1835 in his study of the cotton industry that conditions in most factories were not harsh and were even quite good. Most farm workers left the farms for the factories to find employment.

Lin Tse-Hsu

A special envoy sent to Canton in 1839 to order foreign British merchants to abide by Chinese laws. Appealed to Queen Victoria to put a stop to the Opium trade.

Opium Wars (1839-1842 1856-1860)

Wars between Great Britain and China, which began as a conflict over the opium trade and ended with the Chinese treaty to the British, the opening of five Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges. They were designed to "open" China to European free trade. In defeat, China gave European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions. Britian gained Hong Kong.

The People's Petition, 1838

Charter was written in 1838 to address Parliament, only 18 per cent of the adult-male population of Britain could vote (before 1832 just 10 per cent could vote). The Charter proposed that the vote be extended to all adult males over the age of 21, apart from those convicted of a felony or declared insane. Written from the perspective of the working class.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production (often using violent means) from the upper and middle classes. Based on the social and economic changes that occurred as a result of the Enlightenment.

Prussia 1848

Inspired by the French revolts and uprising in Berlin; conservatives ignore assembly and lead to stacked electoral system; liberals fail to get political equality, 1850 constitution (some representation), Assembly and army swear loyalty to the king. Tried to combine political liberalism with romanticism.

1830 French Revolution

Government of King Charles X was overthrown; Louis Philippe was pronounced new monarch in an attempt to re-establish a constititional monarchy based on classical liberalism.

Liberty Leading the people

Eugène Delacroix. 1830 C.E. Oil on canvas

Delacroix wanted to paint July 28: Liberty Leading the People to take his own special action in the revolution and his color technique combined his intense brushstrokes to create an unforgettable canvas fully representing the romantic movement.

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Alexander II of Russia

Russian tsar who came to power in the midst of the Crimean War. Turned his energies into a serious overhaul of the Russian system due to Russia's antiquated serf system and a lag in the creation of industry. He was replaced by Alexander III, who basically reversed his ideas.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A British naturalist, renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection. Eventually laid the foundation for social darwinism.

Stalin's Five Year Plan

Goals that would promote rapid industrial growth using collectivization and to strengthen national defense. Led to the liquidation of the Kulaks and millions of deaths due to starvation.

Easter Rising

1916, militant Irish nationalist revolt against Brtiish rule; quickly suppressed but sparked wider support for irish cause.

The Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe as a result of post war (World War I).

World War II (1939-1945)

Germany, Italy, Japan (Axis) against Great Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S. (Allied)

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s.

World War II (1939-1945)

Truly a global war which was waged over 2/3 of the entire planet; every continent except Antarctica and South

The Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Wannsee Conference

A meeting in which the "Final solution" and use of concentration camps were decided in 1942, Heydrich was the chief executor of the "Final Solution". Held in Wannsee, Berlin

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Nuremberg Trials

Trials of the Nazi leaders, showed that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Existential Feminism

Emphasize concepts such as freedom, interpersonal relationships, and the experience of living as a human body. They value the capacity for radical change, but recognize that factors such as self-deception and the anxiety caused by the possibility of change can limit it. Normalized divorce and women's ability to own property.

Margaret Thatcher

Leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned. Similar views to U.S. president Ronald Reagan.

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.